The coherent radiation emitted by a laser has a noise spectral density P equal to the time-averaged photocurrent Ī. This noise is called photon shot noise, by analogy with electronic shot noise in vacuum tubes. If the radiation is passed through an amplifying medium, P increases more than Ī because of the excess noise due to spontaneous emission [1]. For an ideal linear amplifier, the (squared)...

The acid catalyzed esterification of 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid (1) in the presence of absolute ethanol afforded ethyl 2, 6-dimethoxybenzoate (2). The structure of the resulting compound was supported by spectroscopic data and unambiguously confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The title compound crystallized in the triclinic space group P ī with unit cell parameters a = 8.5518(...

this article examines the mu‘tazilite qādī ‘abd al-jabbār’s views on the denotation of miracles according to his own particular methodology. despite his acceptance of the celebrated method of the theologians in the denotation of miracles with respect to the authenticity of prophets, i.e., resorting to divine wisdom, qādī ‘abd al-jabbār instead proposed the issue within the structure of conven...

according to wejarkard ī dēnīg, the brave and blessed esfandiyār becomes brazen-bodied by the praying of the prophet ašū – zarduxšt in the ceremony of drōn yašt. the prophet gives him some pomegranate seeds and esfandiyār is rendered invulnerable. pahlavi zand ī vandidād says that esfandiyār cannot be hurt, harmed, threatened or wounded by sword, knife or any other weapon because of his invulne...

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