effect of otostegia persica on naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal syndrome was studied in male mice. dependence was induced using daily subcutaneous injections of morphine for three days. morphine was injected to mice at doses of 30 and 45mg/kg on day 1 and 60 and 90mg/kg on day 2 (8:00 am and 6:00 pm). on day 3, morphine (90mg/kg) was injected 1h before oral administration and 1.5h before in...

introduction : according to drug gateway theory, smoking cigarette, especially, low onset age of smoking, is one of the risk factors for future use. objective the present study deals with comparison of nicotine addicts and opiate addicts in order to identify that what differences in personality traits and onset age of smoking exist in these two groups that cause some individuals to appeal to ot...

introduction: n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptors play a pivotal role in the development of tolerance and physical dependence to opiates. activation of nmda receptors involves the induction of long term potentiation (ltp) in hippocampus. our previous study suggested that chronic oral administration of morphine enhanced nmda dependent ltp in the ca1 area of hippocampal slices of rats. the pres...

the effect of aqueous extract of nepata glomerulosa boiss. aerial parts on morphine withdrawal syndrome was investigated in mice. dependence was induced by subcutaneous injections of morphine for 3 consecutive days. on day 4, morphine was injected 2 h prior to intraperitoneal injection of naloxone. the number of jumps during a 20 min. period after naloxone injection was considered as a measure ...

background: many psychiatric patients have nicotine and other substance dependence.   objective: to determine the prevalence of nicotine and opium dependence among psychiatric in-patients inkerman, a city in southwesterniran.   methods: three groups of psychiatric inpatients, chronic medical patients and a sample from local population, each including 400 subjects were selected.  nicotine depend...

walking being the oldest form of urban transport, and until the advent of major transformationsin transport technology in the nineteenth century, most cities were structured in ways that supported walkability.today, there is a change in transportation which emphasizes, the traditional pedestrian paths which are increasinglybecoming non-regulated spaces when compared to the urban spaces for auto...

abstract background and objective: according to the issue of dependence and tolerance in addicted patients, the inefficiency of existing treatments and the new recommendation for drug combination therapy for diseases in modern pharmacology, the present study examined the effect of methadone and valproate combination on morphine dependence and tolerance. materials and methods: ninety-eight male ...

objective(s):dependence and tolerance to opioid analgesics are major problems limiting their clinical application. a-terpineol is a monoterpenoid alcohol with neuroprotective effects which is found in several medicinal plants such as myrtus communis, laurus nobilis, and stachys byzantina. it has been shown that some of these medicinal plants such as s. byzantina attenuate dependence and toleran...

objective(s) single injection of naloxone, a selective antagonist of morphine, prior to the drug conditioning testing was used to investigate on morphine dependence. materials and methods conditioning to morphine (2.5-10 mg/kg, s.c.) was established in adult male wistar rats (weighing 200-250 g) using an unbiased procedure. nitric oxide agents were microinjected into the central amygdala prior ...