This research was conducted in the west forest of Guilan, northern Iran. Data from various harvesting methods for 20 years were collected. Results showed that, productivity rate of round wood, pulp wood and fuel wood has had an upward trend, while rate of traditional products (lumber, sawn wood, charcoal, etc.) has had a downward trend. Production cost has been investigated in this research. Th...

Article history: Received 28 January 2015 Accepted 25 February 2015 Available online 6 March 2015

Changes in resource availability often cause competitively driven changes in tree allocation to foliage, wood, and fine roots, either via plastic changes within individuals or through turnover of individuals with differing strategies. Here, we investigate how optimally competitive tree allocation should change in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 along a gradient of nitrogen and light availa...

Numerical modeling, such as finite element analysis (FEA), of complex structures and complex materials is a useful tool for stress analysis and for failure modeling. Although FEA of wood as an anisotropic continuum is used, numerical modeling of realistic wood structures, including details of wood anatomy and variations in structure within specimens, has been beyond the capabilities of FEA and ...

2010 KTH accounts for one-third of Sweden's technical research and engineering education capacity at university level. Education and research cover a broad spectrum – from natural sciences to all the branches of engineering. Part of this work was performed a Innventia AB. Innventia AB is a world leader in research and development relating to pulp, paper, graphic media, packaging and biorefining...

Coating performance is greatly influenced by the properties of the wood substrate. This study was focused on evaluating the performance of coatings on both preservative- and thermally-treated wood. A number of commercially formulated semi-transparent stains Alkyd, Alkyd-Acrylic and PU were applied on four different types of preservative treated and heat-treated wood and their performances were ...

Wood continues to increase in importance as a sustainable source of energy and shelter. Wood formation is a dynamic process derived from plant secondary (radial) growth. Several experimental systems have been employed to study wood formation and its regulation. The use of genetic manipulation approaches and genome-wide analyses in model plants have significantly advanced our understanding of wo...

respect Respect for nature Abstract liking Expressing a positive but abstract attitude towards nature (e.g. "I enjoy nature" vs. the moreliking Expressing a positive but abstract attitude towards nature (e.g. "I enjoy nature" vs. the more concrete, "I enjoy walks in the woods") Abstract knowledge Expressing learning goals abstractly (e.g. "I want to learn about nature" vs. the more concrete, "I...

Simo Koponen The Consequences of Wood Cellular Structure and Rolling-Shear in Crossbanded Veneer Composites 28.04.2005 Helsinki University of Technology Laboratory of Structural Engineering and Building Physics Pages:23+ app. 119 ISBN: 951-22-7678-X ISSN: 1456-4297 A hierarchical modelling path of wood and wood composites’ properties is presented. First the calculation model (WOOD123) is develo...