The purpose of this article is to present a study of metaphorical expressions in the Swedish forest-discourse, and thereby, to demonstrate a special function of metaphorical constructions in discourse, that is, to indicate contexts relevant to ongoing discourse. Traditionally, theorizing about metaphorical expressions has lacked considerations of discourse processes and temporary contexts, and,...

This paper provides a brief technical survey of the historical national accounts of Iran. Gaining access to longer-term time series in compliance with concepts, classifications and standards comparable to the present one help fulfill quantitative studies in the area of business cycles. Despite the shortage of reliable, standardized and classified information, the methodology applied in thi...

One way that languages are able to communicate a potentially infinite set of ideas through a finite lexicon is by compressing emerging meanings into words, such that over time, individual words come to express multiple, related senses of meaning. We propose that overarching communicative and cognitive pressures have created systematic directionality in how new metaphorical senses have developed...

The current view of theoretical statements in science is that they should be literal and precise; ambiguous and metaphorical statements are useful only as pre-theoretical, exegetical, and heuristic devices and as pedagogical tools. In this paper we argue that this view is mistaken. Literal, precise statements apply to those experiential phenomena which can be defined either conventionally by cr...

This chapter looks at how a hearer or reader can understand metaphorical discourse, particularly when it is creative. The abilities of the ATT-Meta approach to creative metaphor understanding, implemented in an AI reasoning system, are discussed. A natural extension to metaphor generation is also briefly mentioned. As regards types of creativity, the chapter focusses on how ATT-Meta deals with ...

Why do people so often use metaphorical expressions when literal paraphrases are readily available? This study focuses on a comparison of metaphorical statements involving the source domain of taste (e.g., "She looked at him sweetly") and their literal paraphrases (e.g., "She looked at him kindly"). Metaphorical and literal sentences differed only in one word and were normed for length, familia...

Introduction A backtest is a historical simulation of an algorithmic investment strategy. Among other things, it computes the series of profits and losses that such strategy would have generated had that algorithm been run over that time period. Popular performance statistics, such as the Sharpe ratio or the Information ratio, are used to quantify the backtested strategy’s return on risk. Inves...

this article concerns the contradiction between holly religious scripts and the knowledge system of modern world. this contradiction can be studied into two levels: first the contradiction between new scientific theories and the ontological verses in holly scripts; the second one is the contradiction between moral statements based on celestial verses and modern ethical system. this article stud...

Conceptual issues and the basis for the use of financial statements from the perspective of complexity and chaos are proposed. After analyzing the implications that these perspectives have for financial statements, basic accounting equation is examined from the view of complex logic through the mechanisms of the circumscription. Besides, the phase spaces arising from the relationship between in...