A total of 128 spiny eels Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Mastacembelidae) were collected from theGreater Zab river at Iski Kalak town, west of Erbil city, Kurdistan region, Iraq, from July 2007 to the end ofJune 2008. The fish were examined for ecto and endo parasites. The study revealed the existence of 16species of parasites (with a total prevalence of 89.06%) including: two species of protozoa...

Water scarcity is one of the factors limiting plant growth and development. More than onethird of the global terrestrial ecosystems is located in arid and semi-arid regions. The mostimportant limiting factor for plant growth is water shortage. Drought could significantlychange the natural vegetation cover. Rainfall reduction in Iraq, Turkey and Syria hasreduced vegetation cover so that dust sto...

Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates in three different Arab world countries (West Bank of Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq) was the aim of the study presented here. This is done on the basis of spa sequencing and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing. The majority (92%) of the spa-tested isolates belonged to spa type t932 and pos...

a total of 128 spiny eels mastacembelus mastacembelus (mastacembelidae) were collected from thegreater zab river at iski kalak town, west of erbil city, kurdistan region, iraq, from july 2007 to the end ofjune 2008. the fish were examined for ecto and endo parasites. the study revealed the existence of 16species of parasites (with a total prevalence of 89.06%) including: two species of protozoa...

We recovered molecular phylogenetic relationships amongst species of the genus Ablepharus in Iran and Iraq. Partial sequences three mitochondrial genes (cytochrome C oxidase subunit I – COI, 12S rRNA 16S rRNA) were analysed. In addition, taxonomic evaluation Cyprus, India, Greece, Turkey Syria performed using partial gene. Phylogenetic trees estimated genetic distances showed that populations I...

As widespread deserts is located in west and southwest of Iran plateau, dust storms form due to west andsouthwest systems over Syria or Iraq as well as Arabian Peninsula. These systems severely affect west and southwestregions. Sometimes the fine dusts transmit to central, north east, and east regions. In this study for investigating dustysynoptical patterns, meteorological data at 5 synoptic s...

this essay with a historical look reviews the use of chemical weapons in the world wars i and ii and other limited wars before this imposed war against iran. then, it explains the international regulations on prohibition and non-proliferation of chemical weapons. regarding iran-iraq war, the use of these weapons against iranian military forces and civilians as well as iraqi people is discussed....

Scorzonera incisa, known as an endemic plant to Turkey, has been collected from West Azarbayejan Province, NW. Iran. The species is reported for the first time from the country; it is very similar to Scorzonera calyculata, which is distributed in the western half of Iran and east of Iraq. However, with regard to the particular shape of the achenes of Scorzonera incisa, this species could be sep...