Standard axioms of free disposability, convexity and constant returns to scale employed in Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) implicitly assume continuous, real-valued inputs and outputs. However, the implicit assumption of continuous data will never hold with exact precision in real world data. To address the discrete nature of data explicitly, various formulations of Integer DEA (IDEA) have been...

Since finance is the core of economic development, green development financial industry an essential driving force not only for achieving dual “carbon” goal China but also and social sustainable development. An accurate understanding ecological efficiency great importance guiding In this paper, we first calculate carbon footprint China’s in 2012 2017 based on life cycle theory input–output anal...

Many multicriteria problems in economics and finance require that efficient solutions be found. A recent contribution to production theory established a characterization of efficient points under closedness and free-disposability (Bonnisseau and Crettez in Econ Theory 31(2):213–223, 2007, Theorem 1). However, as will be shown using a number of examples, these results cannot be applied to simple...

a r t i c l e i n f o A balance between industrial pollution prevention and economic growth becomes a worldwide issue to develop a sustainable society in many industrial nations. To discuss the issue, this study proposes a new use of DEA environmental assessment to determine how to effectively allocate capital for developing regional industries. The amount of capital is used to invest for techn...

Because port operations have rapidly been extending, air pollution resulted from ports has increased and become a persistent concern for environmentalist policy makers. The objective of this paper is to measure the environmental efficiency in Korea. main characteristic assessment problem that undesirable output carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions exogenous fixed input terminal area should concurrent...

The article revolves around the question whether, given some very “fundamental threats” to future generations’ living, their conditions of survival can be construed as rights. issue has tackle problem non-existence presumptive holders such a right, well with (non-)identity. shows reasons for separating what we owe persons under challenge fundamental threats humanity from our will hand down cult...