Consider a perfect AO system with a very fine wavefront sampling interval and a very small actuator interval. If this AO system senses wavefront at a wavelength, λWFS, and does science imaging at another wavelength, λSCI , the light paths through the turbulent atmosphere at these two wavelengths are slightly different for a finite zenith distance, z. The error in wavefront reconstruction of the...

In the present paper, a nanostructure plasmonic gas sensor based on ringresonator structure at the wavelength range of 0.6-0.9 μm is presented. The plasmonicmaterials/SiO2 with the advantage of high mobility and low loss is utilized as a substratefor structure to obtain some appropriate characteristics for the sensing Performanceparameters. To evaluate the proposed senso...

In an OPS, an optical fiber carries several wavelengths to transmit packets. An input fiber may carry as many packets as wavelengths that could be destined to one or several output fibers. The output contention occurs when multiple packets from different input fibers are destined to a single output fiber using the same wavelength at the same time. Only one packet is forwarded to the output fibe...

We combine new HST/ACS observations and existing data to investigate the wavelength dependence of near-IR (NIR) extinction. Previous studies suggest a power-law form for NIR extinction, with a “universal” value of the exponent, although some recent observations indicate that significant sight line-to-sight line variability may exist. We show that a power-law model for the NIR extinction provide...

it is firstly proved that the multi-input-single-output (miso) fuzzy systems based on interval-valued $r$- and $s$-implications can approximate any continuous function defined on a compact set to arbitrary accuracy.  a formula to compute the lower upper bounds on the number  of interval-valued fuzzy sets needed to achieve a pre-specified approximation  accuracy for an arbitrary multivariate con...

Ratios of excitations in each cone-photoreceptor class produced by light reflected from pairs of surfaces in a scene are almost invariant under natural illuminant changes. The stability of these spatially defined ratios may explain the remarkable ability of human observers to efficiently discriminate illuminant changes from changes in surface reflectances. Spatial cone-excitation ratios are not...

We demonstrate the feasibility of the process for fabricating a single-mode waveguide and a large-core multimode waveguide aligned vertically on the same substrate. Using this process, we propose and demonstrate a filter that drops optical signal propagating in a single-mode waveguide to a multimode waveguide in the specific wavelength interval by a long-period grating. We use perfluorocyclobut...

We show the existence of direct photonic transitions between modes of a silicon optical microcavity spaced apart in wavelength by over 8 nm. This is achieved by using ultrafast tuning of the refractive index of the cavity over a time interval that is comparable to the inverse of the frequency separation of modes. The demonstrated frequency mixing effect, i.e., the transitions between the modes,...