1. Steam Generation 1.1. General Characteristics 1.2. Circulation in Boiling Water Reactors 1.3. Steam Generation in CANDU Reactors 1.4. Steam Generators 1.5. Steam Generator for PWR and CANDU Systems 1.6. Heat Transfer 2. Steam Generator Operation 2.1. Swelling and Shrinking 2.1.1. Steady State Swelling and Shrinking 2.1.2. Transient Swelling and Shrinking 2.2. Level Control 2.3. Carryover 2.4...

Phase transformation affects multiphase flow in geothermal and gas-condensate reservoirs due to the same substance occurring in different phases. These effects change the phase behavior and the flow characteristics. The goals of this research were to compare the flow behavior and relative permeabilities difference between two-phase flow with and without phase transformation effects in smooth-wa...

the genus boswellia is one of the 17 genera belonging to burseraceae family. in this study resin of boswellia carteri birdwoodcollected or purchased from tehram herbal market as a food and non-food for chemical analysis. the essential oils of the resins of boswellia carteri birdwoodobtained by different methods of distillation (water distillation, steam distillation and hydro-steam distillation...

Molecules are bound very closely in ice and much less rigidly in water; hence water acquires fluidity and follows the law that water finds its own level by flowing from higher to lower levels. The rigid binding of molecules in water is loosened by heating. When we raise the temperature to nearly 100°C, the molecules are so energized that they get the freedom to leave the folds of gravitation an...

Turbine oil plays an important role in supporting optimal steam turbine performance. Some additives in turbine oil can cause emulsification when the oil is contaminated by water, so demulsibility is a very important property of the steam turbine oil. In order to improve the demulsibility of steam turbine oil, two kinds of polyether-silicone comb copolymers are synthesized and used as steam turb...

A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due ...

A comparison of two types of scalders was conducted to determine their effectiveness in reducing bacterial contamination of poultry carcasses. A conventional hot-water scalder and a prototype model of a steam scalder were tested under commercial conditions. Total plate counts from steam-scalded birds were significantly lower than the counts of water-scalded birds immediately after scalding and ...

Coal gasification combined cycle power plants promise lower emissions and higher efficiencies than conventional pulverized coal power plants. Process economics favor compact, high pressure, slagging gasifiers, usually of the entrained type, for most coals. The high raw gas temperature in such plants prevent the use of uncooled metals in contact with the gas. Direct metal/gas contact usually occ...

A series of steady-state experiments have established relative permeability curves for two-phase flow of water in a porous medium. These experiments have minimized uncertainty in pressure, heat loss, and saturation. By attempting to maintain a constant pressure gradient, the experiments have provided a baseline from which to determine the effect of temperature on relative permeability. The use ...

In power station practice, work is extracted from expanding steam in three stages namely High Pressure(HP), Intermediate Pressure(IP) and Low Pressure(LP) turbines. During the expansion process in the LP turbine, the steam cools down and at some stages, it nucleates to become a two-phase mixture. It is well-acknowledged in the literature that the nucleating and wet stages in steam turbines are ...