A pilot study was designed to examine the impact of nutrient levels, pipe materials, and disinfection on the survival of M. avium in model drinking water distribution system biofilms. Studies showed that the survival of the organism was dependant upon a complex interaction between pipe surface, nutrient levels, and disinfectants. The findings showed that when no disinfection was applied, M. avi...

BACKGROUND To date, Lebanon has failed to enact comprehensive clean indoor air laws despite ratification of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), which calls for the protection of non-smokers from exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS). Complicating the problem of SHS exposure in Lebanon is the widespread use of the tobacco water-pipe. While most research on SHS has involved c...

OBJECTIVE To assess the geographical distribution and time trends of manufactured cigarette and water-pipe use among Iranian adult population. METHOD Pooled data from four consecutive nationally and provincially representative STEPS surveys, 2006-2009, were analyzed. Prevalence of current daily manufactured cigarette smokers, current daily water-pipe and current daily dual users and associate...

This paper presents an experimental investigation of convective heat transfer coefficient for nanofluids using spiral pipe heat exchanger. The aim of this study is to investigate experimentally flow and convective heat transfer characteristics of water-based nanofluids flowing through a spiral pipe. The test section consist of spiral pipe with ratio pitch per diameter is 7.0 and mean hydraulic ...

In this paper, we use Bayesian Belief Networks (BBNs) to construct a knowledge model for pipe breaks in a water zone. Development of expert systems such as BBNs for analyzing real-time data is not only important for pipe break prediction, but is also a first step in preventing water loss and water quality deterioration through the application of machine learning techniques to facilitate real-ti...

Buried water and gas pipe systems form part of critical infrastructure providing essential services to the community. In many global population centres including in Australia, this vital infrastructure has been installed several decades ago, and dealing with frequent pipe failures become a major problem. There are clear evidences that pipe failures significantly depend on pipe strains induced b...

Bayesian Belief Networks for Predicting Drinking Water Distribution System Pipe 1 Breaks 2 Royce A. Francis ([email protected]), Seth D. Guikema ([email protected]), Lucas Henneman 3 ([email protected]) 4 a Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, 1776 G St., NW #159, The George Washington 5 University, Washington, DC, USA 20006 6 b Department of Geography and Environmental Eng...

A temperature jump in the water traveling through a pipe is delayed by the absorption of heat into the pipe wall. The convective transport of heat by the water and the conductive exchange with the interior pipe wall are described by a singular micromodel. The limiting form is a distributed microstructure model, which is successively better approximated by simpler firstand second-order kinetic m...

Detonations and deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) are experimentally studied in horizontal pipes which are partially filled with water. The gas layer above the water is stoichiometric hydrogen–oxygen at 1 bar. The detonation wave produces oblique shock waves in the water, which focus at the bottom of the pipe due to the curvature of the walls. This results in peak pressures at the bot...