The cell-to-cell spread of cytoplasmic constituents such as nonenveloped viruses and aggregated proteins is usually thought to require cell lysis. However, mechanisms of unconventional secretion have been described that bypass the secretory pathway for the extracellular delivery of cytoplasmic molecules. Components of the autophagy pathway, an intracellular recycling process, have been shown to...

A reaction diffusion system with a distributed time delay is proposed for virus spread on bacteria immobilized on an agar-coated plate. A distributed delay explicitly accounts for a virus latent period of variable duration. The model allows the number of virus progeny released when an infected cell lyses to depend on the duration of the latent period. A unique spreading speed for virus infectio...

elisa values (o.d.s) of extracts of separately roots and individual leaves of barley and wheat plants infected by a french bydv-pav isolate (pav-4), were assessed for five dif-ferent virus incubation periods in controlled conditions (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days after in-oculation). in most cases, virus contents of individual roots or leaves were not statistically different for barley and wheat. f...

Autoinoculation and dissemination (or Kaposi's varicelliform eruption or eczema herpeticum) of herpetic lesions are two forms of viral spread, and it is essential to differentiate between the two. Presented are typical examples of the two forms of viral spread.

Worldwide annually there are 1.7 million deaths from diarrheal diseases and 1.5 million deaths from respiratory infections (56). Viruses cause an estimated 60% of human infections, and most common illnesses are produced by respiratory and enteric viruses (7, 49). Unlike bacterial disease, viral illness cannot be resolved with the use of antibiotics. Prevention and management of viral disease he...

Many viral pathogens are persistently transmitted by insect vectors and cause agricultural or health problems. Generally, an insect vector can use autophagy as an intrinsic antiviral defense mechanism against viral infection. Whether viruses can evolve to exploit autophagy to promote their transmission by insect vectors is still unknown. Here, we show that the autophagic process is triggered by...

Background: Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) (Tospovirus genus, Bunyaviridae family) infects the major crops of solanaceae, leguminosae and cucurbitaceae in India. Temperature is an important factor which influences the plant growth and development under diseased conditions.Objective: In the present study, we evaluated the effect of four different temp...