Background: Hepatitis activity index (HAI) and fibrosing stage are two important findings during the evaluation of liver samples in patients with chronic hepatitis B. The aim of this study was to determine the HAI and fibrosing stage in patients with anti-HBe positive chronic hepatitis B. Methods: Liver biopsy slides of 72 patients were evaluated at the Department of Pathology in two teaching ...

Betanodaviruses, the causal agents of viral nervous necrosis in marine fish, have bipartite positive-sense RNAs as genomes. The larger genomic segment, RNA1 (3.1 kb), encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and the smaller genomic segment, RNA2 (1.4 kb), codes for the coat protein. Betanodaviruses have marked host specificity, although the primary structures of the viral RNAs and encoded prote...

Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) causes viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), a hazardous and devastating disease of many species of cultured and marine fish worldwide. It caused by betanodaviruses a serious concern especially in the fry and young fish. This virus infects most of the cultured fishes causing severe mortality. Our current review focuses chiefly on recent studies performed on VN...

Cantang grouper (Epinephelus sp.) is one of the Export Oriented commodities which a mainstay in increasing Indonesian mariculture production. The disease that causes many deaths cantang Viral Nervous Necrosis. One most effective ways by giving vaccines to fish. This study aims develop recombinant protein Chlorella vulgaris vaccine with addition an adjuvant increase immunity infected VNN. method...

The consumption of fish as useful animal protein is on the rise around world, and transport being considered a means trade between countries world. Every year, occurrence Viral Necrosis Virus (VNN) disease in fish, their main host, causes great damage to fisheries industry. Undoubtedly, one ways succeed aquaculture industry future will be rapid diagnosis prevention aquatic diseases, which are c...