Delivery of drug through topical route represents a most convenient and novel approach. The major difficulty arises while delivering a drug through skin is its action as a natural barrier nature which makes it difficult for most drugs to penetrate into and permeate through it. Conventional topical formulations have not proved to be effective in dermal delivery of drug. Novel drug delivery syste...

The presence of small vesicles composed of phospholipid and cholesterol has recently been demonstrated in super-saturated model and in dilute native human biles by several groups using differing methods. Among compositional factors shown to favor spontaneous vesicle formation and prolong the cholesterol monohydrate nucleation time in model bile systems are dilution, a raised cholesterol saturat...

Rheumatoid Arthritis is a chronic systemic, inflammatory disease that if untreated, results in joint destruction and disability, affecting the quality of life. Various diagnostic indicators are used to ascertain the presence of the chronic disorder. Current treatment strategies offer various side effects and decreased action at the target site. The therapeutic possibilities in the management of...

Lipid-based innovations have achieved new heights during the last few years as an essential component of drug development. The current challenge of drug delivery is liberation of drug agents at the right time in a safe and reproducible manner to a specific target site. A number of novel drug delivery systems has emerged encompassing various routes of administration, to achieve controlled and ta...

Vesicular transporters are required for the storage of all classical and amino acid neurotransmitters in synaptic vesicles. Some neurons lack known vesicular transporters, suggesting additional neurotransmitter systems remain unidentified. Insect mushroom bodies (MBs) are critical for several behaviors, including learning, but the neurotransmitters released by the intrinsic Kenyon cells (KCs) r...

The application of vesicular system in drug delivery has changed the definitions of diagnosis and treatment in different aspects of biomedical field. The vesicular system as liposomes, niosomes, sphinosomes, transferosomes and pharmacosomes are used to improve the therapeutic index of both existing and new drug molecules by encapsulating an active medicament inside vesicular structure in one su...

Transdermal drug delivery system appears to be most promising delivery system due to their merits over conventional delivery systems. Recently, various strategies have been used to augment the transdermal delivery of bioactives. Mainly, they include iontophoresis, electrophoresis, sonophoresis, chemical permeation enhancers, microneedles, and vesicular system (liposomes, niosomes, elastic lipos...