Background: Vinyl acetate monomer is a commodity chemical widely used in the manufacturing of various products. The chemical is hazardous and exposure to it may occur in both occupational and non-occupational settings. The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of short-term exposure to Vinyl Acetate Monomer (VAM) vapour on the liver and lungs of Wistar rats. Methods: Mice weighing ...

The temperature of vapour-condenser below 0°C and the final pressure in the vacuum chamber below 0.61kPa during vacuum cooling were experimentally analysed in this paper. The temperature of vapour-condenser, -2 °C, -35°C, -39°C and -71°C, and the final pressure in the vacuum chamber, 0.3kPa, 0.4kPa, 0.5kPa and 0.61kPa, were chosen. The experimental results showed that the cooling rate varies wi...

Water vapour continuum absorption is an important contributor to the Earth's radiative cooling and energy balance. Here, we describe the development and status of the MT_CKD (MlawerTobinCloughKneizysDavies) water vapour continuum absorption model. The perspective adopted in developing the MT_CKD model has been to constrain the model so that it is consistent with quality analyses of spectral atm...

Pinus radiata D. Don is an important tree in New Zealand where it is widely grown for timber and, to a lesser extent, in association with pasture species. In pure stands of P. radiata in Canterbury, poor development of undergrowth may in part be caused by volatile inhibitory substances released from the decomposing litter. In previous work it was shown that vapour from incubated P. radiata litt...

Digital technology such as metal additive manufacturing (AM) provides flexible process design freedom to fabricate intricate three-dimensional structures layer-by-layer. However, its manufacturability relies on the fundamental understanding of melt pool physics and fluid (metal) dynamics. The effect vapour porosity induced during laser-materials interaction can influence manufacturability. In t...

In this study, mathematical calculations developed through water-vapour phase-change theory is used to interpret the processes involved in the fresh water production of a thermoelectric distillation system. The rate of water production depends on various parameters of vaporization phenomena such as water and vapour temperatures, pressure, specific volume, heat capacity and water-vapour surface ...

The goal of the study is to compare quality of vapour phase reflowed solder joints soldered on different printed circuit board (PCB) surface finishes. Vapour phase reflow soldering guarantees the highest reliability, quality of processing and process safety. The big advantage of heat transfer in vapour phase soldering (VPS) is the extremely efficient transfer of latent heat through the condensi...

Traditionally, balloon-based radiosonde soundings are used to study the spatial distribution of atmospheric water vapour. However, this approach cannot be frequently employed due to its high cost. In contrast, GPS tomography technique can obtain water vapour in a high temporal resolution. In the tomography technique, an iterative or non-iterative reconstruction algorithm is usually utilised to ...

We investigate the dynamic effects of a Leidenfrost vapour layer sustained on the surface of heated steel spheres during free fall in water. We find that a stable vapour layer sustained on the textured superhydrophobic surface of spheres falling through 95 °C water can reduce the hydrodynamic drag by up to 75% and stabilize the sphere trajectory for the Reynolds number between 10(4) and 10(6), ...

A semi-empirical equation of state has been studied for modelling vapour-liquid data of pure substances. The specific molecular based equation of state is employed here as basis because of its mathematical simplicity. The semi-empirical extension has been accomplished to real fluids by correlating the density dependence of the attraction term to vapour liquid data of a reference fluid. The resu...