Like other developing countries, Iranian cities are growing and expanding physically at a high speed. For about five decades, the only policy of the urban development plans in the field of urban growth management has been definition of the Urban Growth Boundary (U.G.B.) which is still used without any major modifications.Despite the slight evidences indicating the ineffectiveness of the current...

This paper develops a spatial general equilibrium model that accommodates both congestion and agglomeration externalities, while firms’ and households’ land-use decisions are endogenous across continuous space. Focusing on the interaction between externalities and land use patterns, we examine the efficiencies of first-best policies and second-best pricing and placebased strategies using simula...

This paper analyzes urban growth boundary delimitation in the urban master plan in Shaanxi Province and chooses Baoji, Weinan and Ankang as the research object. The three cities have delimited urban growth boundaries. This paper compares interrelationships between urban spatial structure, urban size, delimitation of the four areas, boundaries of planning area, natural boundaries, artificial bou...

Urban growth boundaries (UGBs) have been extensively studied and applied in the USA as an effective tool to curb urban sprawl. The ‘‘People’s Republic of China Town and Country Planning Act’’ requires the establishment of urban construction boundaries (UCBs) in Chinese city master and detail plans. We consider planned UCBs in China to be Chinese UGBs, as they have similar implementation mechani...

Bacterial infection is a frequent complication in patients with chronic liver disease, mainly during the advanced stages. There is evidence that the main factors that contribute to a predisposition to infection in cirrhotic patients are related to hepatic failure with consequent immunodeficiency. Invasive procedures (diagnostic or therapeutic) can predispose to bacterial infections, and upper g...

BACKGROUND Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) is common in emergency departments (EDs) and can be caused by many eso-gastro-duodenal lesions. Most available epidemiological data and data on the management of UGB comes from specialized departments (intensive care units or gastroenterology departments), but little is known from the ED perspective. We aimed to determine the distribution of symp...

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) is a life-threatening complication of gastrointestinal diseases. There is a large variety of uncommon reasons which contribute to UGB and might become reasons for misdiagnosis and sometimes lead to fatal consequences. In this review, clinical characteristics of uncommon causes of UGB reported in the Chinese literature are summarized.

2 Introduction Metro has developed a regional econometric model (MARIO), a residential real estate model (RELM), a nonresidential real estate model and a transportation model. We have embedded the four models in a GIS based accounting and visualization tool that we call Metroscope. In regard to Metro's model development this paper discusses the reasons that Metro engages in modeling, shows how ...