fluctuation of a tolerably constant character. This fluctuation signifies etiologically. an orderly succession of conditions causing sickness and death -which may be considered normal to the place and population, and violent departures from which may be accounted abnormal and due to exceptional circumstances. Dr. Payne has experienced two sources of difficulty in determining the ordinary mortal...

With the increasing public awareness of environmental issues, green production has become an important issue for supply chain management. This study proposes analytical model to investigate dual-channel decisions a retailer and competitive supplier; latter suffers from unreliable yield. The retailer’s responsibility is considered as two-echelon in which promotes product their marketplace throug...

In this paper, we examine the dynamics of a supply chain that has the option of using two suppliers ± one reliable, and the other unreliable. We characterize the unreliable supplier with long lead-time mean and variance. Although the use of the unreliable supplier might potentially warrant higher inventory and transportation costs, it is attractive because of the willingness of the supplier to ...

In a dynamic environment such as a supply chain, even basic supplier-customer systems with structurally simple information and material flow formations have a tendency to exhibit operational complexity. The operational complexity of supplier-customer systems is associated with the uncertainty of information and material flows within and across organizations. Operational complexity or dynamic co...