We studied the drag and lift forces acting on an inclined plate while it is dragged on the surface of a granular media, both in experiment and in numerical simulation. In particular, we investigated the influence of the horizontal velocity of the plate and its angle of attack. We show that a steady wedge of grains is moved in front of the plow and that the lift and drag forces are proportional ...

Background: Physical wedges are still widely used as beam modifiers in external beam radiotherapy. However the presence of them in the beam trace may cause beam hardening which may not be considered in many treatment planning systems. The aim of this study is to investigate the beam hardening effect generated by physical wedges via different beam quality indexes as photon spectrum, half value l...

: Five dogs, four small mixed breed and a Doberman Pinscher, presented in our clinic with hemivertebra. Complete physical, radiological and neurological examinations were done and the spinal deformities were characterized in accord with the Nasca classification used in human medicine. Two dogs had multiple hemivertebrae (round, oval or wedge-shaped: Type 3) in the thoracic region; one dog had a...

The linear accelerator (linac) is a device that uses highfrequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate charged particles such as electrons to high energies through a linear tube. The high-energy electron beam can be used for treating superficial tumours, or it can be made to strike a target to produce x-rays for treating deep-seated tumours. In the majority of instances, the collimated beam eme...

Geometrical optics (GO), the most widely used tool in analysis of high frequency electromagnetic problems, provides the first term of an asymptotic series solution to the Maxwell's equations [1]. It is implemented completely by employing the ordinary ray-tracing technique. To include the second asymptotic term systematically, Keller [2] suggested a generalization of the Fermat's principle on di...

The linear accelerator (linac) is a device that uses highfrequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate charged particles such as electrons to high energies through a linear tube. The high-energy electron beam can be used for treating superficial tumours, or it can be made to strike a target to produce x-rays for treating deep-seated tumours. In the majority of instances, the collimated beam eme...