We investigate the causal effect of retirement on health and cognitive abilities by exploiting the panel dimension of the first two waves of the Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the variation between and within European countries in old age retirement rules. We show evidence of substantial heterogeneity in the effect of retirement across occupational groups. In parti...

backgroundmalnutrition can threaten mental and physical development of children while healthy nutrition can improve mental and physical status of children. to select the best foods, children need nutrition education. this study aimed to determine the effect of nutrition education on reducing the consumption of unhealthy snacks in female primary school students in qom- iran.materials and methods...

dealt with one drug, then it can charge a substantial fee. Often these papers will be set pieces by, to be crude for a moment, “paid industry hacks” and will have been published many times. If, however, the journal wants to peer review every study and take only those that are original and pass review then the fee will be smaller. Studies have shown that papers published in supplements are of po...

BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to examine associations between unhealthy behaviours among the Finnish adult population. METHODS Data from a series of cross-sectional health behaviour surveys from the years 1991-1998 were pooled. Associations between smoking, alcohol consumption, lack of regular physical activity and unhealthy diet were examined among 22,745 respondents. The associations ...

BACKGROUND Because unhealthy behaviors have been shown to predict premature mortality and quality of life is linked to chronic disease, it is plausible that there is a relationship between unhealthy behaviors and a patient's overall well-being. METHODS Baseline data from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Prescription for Health initiative were used. Using various methods, 9 practice-based ...

BACKGROUND This study was designed to evaluate whether changes in lifestyle behaviors are correlated with the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS The subjects consisted of 316 men without a history of cardiovascular disease, stroke, or renal dysfunction or dialysis treatment. The following lifestyle behaviors were evaluated using a standardized self-administered questionnaire: ...