Wireless sensor networks are often located in areas where access to them is difficult or dangerous. Today, in wireless sensor networks, cluster-based routing protocols by dividing sensor nodes into distinct clusters and selecting local head-clusters to combine and send information of each cluster to the base station and balanced energy consumption by network nodes, get the best performance ...

Underwater wireless sensor networks consist of a certain number of sensors and vehicles that interact to collect data and perform collaborative tasks. Designing energy-efficient routing protocols for this type of networks is essential and challenging because sensor nodes are powered by batteries, which are difficult to replace or recharge, and because underwater communications are severely affe...

A lot of researchers lately have attained the attention of Wireless Sensor Networks. On the other hand, when measures it up to the terrestrial or global WSN, Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSN) depicts an innovative networking standard. The exploitation of Underwater Sensor Networks is not simple or clear-cut, fundamental defies are therefore required to be mapped just because the sort of setting...

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) share the common challenges of terrestrial Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), however they are significantly different from terrestrial WSN. Mainly, because acoustic wireless communication is the main physical layer technology in UWSN. Acoustic communication offers longer range, but has limitations due to low speed of sound, high error probability, limited...

Currently, UWASN (Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network) has been researched as a branch of sensor networks. UWASNs use a transmission media different from terrestrial wireless sensor networks. That is, the former uses acoustic waves and the latter uses radio waves for communication. G/W (Gateway)s in UWASNs are nodes for relaying data transmission between a UWASN and a terrestrial wireless sensor...

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are widely used to explore aqueous environment. In UWSN, determining the location of sensor nodes is a critical issue. Sensed data is meaningful only when sensing node is localized. There are many techniques available for localization in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) but they are not applicable in UWSN. GPS signals cannot be used underwater for locali...

coverage improvement is one of the main problems in wireless sensor networks. given a finite number of sensors, improvement of the sensor deployment will provide sufficient sensor coverage and save cost of sensors for locating in grid points. for achieving good coverage, the sensors should be placed in adequate places. this paper uses the genetic and learning automata as intelligent methods for...

Underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks (UAWSNs) are capable of supporting underwater missions. Due to the unique characteristics of underwater environments e.g. large attenuation and long propagation delay, the transmission range of sensor nodes in UA-WSNs is usually much shorter than that of the terrestrial counterparts, which limits communications between sensors and makes the system in...