Facility location problems form an important class of integer programming problems, with applications in the telecommunication, distribution and transportation industries. In this paper we are concerned with a particular type of facility location problem in which there exist two echelons of facilities. Each facility in the second echelon has limited capacity and can be supplied by only one faci...

We study a multiechelon supply chain model that consists of a production level and several transportation levels, where the demands can exist in the production echelon as well as any transportation echelons. With the presence of stationary production capacity and general cost functions, our model integrates production, inventory and transportation decisions and generalizes existing literature o...

The aim of this paper is to study how the structural factors of supply chain networks, (i.e. the number of echelons, the number of nodes and the distribution of links) impact on its dynamics performance (i.e. bullwhip effect). To do so, we systematically model multiple structures according to a robust design of experiments and simulate such structures under two different market demand scenarios...

In the two-echelon vehicle routing problem (2E-VRP), distribution network is split into two echelons. Different vehicles are operated on first and second echelon to maintain economies of scale adhere any restrictions that may be present in either echelon. Intermediate facilities located at borders echelons facilitate consolidation transshipment goods between Examples systems include express del...

This research aims to examine how female family echelons (the presence on commisioner or director) effect leverage. Sample use in are 1374 firms years observation from nonbank and nonfinancial sector actived trade Indonesia Stock Exchange over 2011 2015. Using regression of fixed model, this finding suggest that firm less leverage than nonfamily firm. Proportion ownership, director insignifican...

Within Army culture there is a basic misunderstanding regarding Standards and Rules. They are not the same, despite a long-standing military belief in equivalence. Mistaking the two explains much of the gap between leaders, especially senior leaders, and lower echelons. This gap is created through a constant refrain of 'enforcing Standards,' expressed by unit-wide emails covering topics from tr...

The bullwhip effect phenomena in supply chain management were discussed a lot in the literatures. Most of them provided empirical evidences or analytical formulas to demonstrate the existence of the bullwhip effect in a simple two or more echelons supply chain. This paper will explore the phenomena in a quite different situation: a supply chain with deteriorating products. Unlike the convention...