PURPOSE To evaluate the precision of both two- and three-dimensional ultrasonography in determining vertebral lesion level (the first open vertebra) in patients with spina bifida. METHODS This was a prospective longitudinal study comprising of fetuses with open spina bifida who were treated in the fetal medicine division of the department of obstetrics of Hospital das Clínicas of the Universi...

OBJECTIVE To present the appearance of the fetal akinesia deformation sequence by three-dimensional ultrasonography after four-dimensional ultrasonographic scanning. METHODS Three-dimensional surface-rendering images were used to show the fixed postural abnormalities of the fetal extremities and body. Four-dimensional ultrasonography was used to show that the postural abnormalities were fixed...

Since impaired gallbladder emptying contributes to gallstone formation, the evaluation of gallbladder motility requires accurate methodology. Recently developed 3-dimensional ultrasonography may take into account various gallbladder shapes more accurately than conventional 2-dimensional ultrasonography. Therefore, volumes of water-filled balloons of various sizes were determined in vitro by 2-d...

in this paper, an effective numerical method is introduced for the treatment of nonlinear two-dimensional volterra-fredholm integro-differential equations. here, we use the so-called two-dimensional block-pulse functions.first, the two-dimensional block-pulse operational matrix of integration and differentiation has been presented. then, by using this matrices, the nonlinear two-dimensional vol...

Visualization of the brain's midline structures or of an intracranial mass lesion and detection of ventricular landmarks are the main goals of the ultrasonic (US) techniques in clinical neurology. While investigating the structures in the mid-sagittal plane of the head responsible for the midline echo by A-mode or unidimensional techniques (see Fig. 1), Gordon (1959), and de Vlieger and Ridder ...

OBJECTIVES The aim of this was to evaluate the accuracy of two-dimensional (2D) ultrasonography in the diagnosis of nuchal cord to enable us determine if it can be recommended for its antenatal diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 01 January and 30 April 2012, 93 singletons pregnancies in cephalic presentation with 2D ultrasound scan done at term but within 24 h before onset of labor for ...