The processes regulating the climatology and annual cycle of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and cold point are not fully understood. Three main drivers have been identified: planetary scale equatorial waves excited by tropical convection, planetary scale extratropical waves associated with the deep Brewer-Dobson Circulation, and synoptic scale waves associated with the midlatitude storm tr...

The processes regulating the climatology and annual cycle of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and cold point are not fully understood. Three main drivers have been identified: planetary scale equatorial waves excited by tropical convection, planetary scale extratropical waves associated with the deep Brewer-Dobson Circulation, and synoptic scale waves associated with the midlatitude storm tr...

Any theory of water vapor in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) must explain both the abundance and isotopic composition of water there. In previous papers, we presented a model of the TTL that simulated the abundance of water vapor as well as the details of the vertical profile. That model included the effects of “overshooting” convection, which injects dry air directly into the TTL. Here, we...

The sequence of tubulin-tyrosine ligase (TTL), the enzyme catalyzing the ATP-dependent posttranslational addition of a tyrosine to the carboxyterminal end of detyrosinated alpha-tubulin, has been determined. TTL from bovine and porcine brain was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography and extensively characterized by protein sequencing. Oligonucleotides derived from the protein sequence were ...

Working at the tail end of tubulin P rota et al. describe how the enzyme tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL) specifi cally recognizes the C terminus of ␣-tubulin to modulate the behavior of microtubules. Many enzymes posttranslation-ally modify the C-terminal tails of the ␣-and ␤-tubulin subunits that form microtubules. TTL, for example , adds a tyrosine residue to the C terminus of ␣-tubulin, result...

Image quality assessment (IQA) based on deep learning faces the overfitting problem due to limited training samples available in existing IQA databases. Transfer is a plausible solution problem, which shared features derived from large-scale Imagenet source domain could be transferred original recognition task intended task. However, and target as well their corresponding tasks are not directly...

A. Gettelman, T. Birner, V. Eyring, H. Akiyoshi, D. A. Plummer, M. Dameris, S. Bekki, F. Lefèvre, F. Lott, C. Brühl, K. Shibata, E. Rozanov, E. Mancini, G. Pitari, H. Struthers, W. Tian, and D. E. Kinnison National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany National Institute for...

To develop an in vitro model to mimic the effects of meals equivalent to a day's diet on tooth tissue loss (TTL). To identify how diet effects tooth wear and to test the efficacy of dental products designed to reduce tooth wear in a more realistic environment. A typical Friday diet was devised comprising: Breakfast then brushing, lunch, dinner then brushing. Groups of enamel samples were expose...

OBJECTIVES Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we analyzed the efficacy of the posterior approach lumbar ISOBAR TTL internal fixation system for the dynamic fixation of intervertebral discs, with particular emphasis on its effects on degenerative intervertebral disc disease. METHODS We retrospectively compared the MRIs of 54 patients who had previously undergone either rigid internal fixa...

Temperatures in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) play an important role in stratosphere–troposphere exchange and in the formation and maintenance of thin cirrus clouds. Many previous studies have examined the contributions of extratropical and equatorial waves to the TTL using coarse-vertical-resolution satellite and reanalysis data. In this study, the authors provide new insight into the ro...