THE FIRST step in producing a satisfactory crop of tobacco is to use good seed that is true to type. The grower often can save his own seed to advantage, if he wants to. Before topping is done, he should go over the tobacco field carefully to pick out desirable seed plants. When he has decided on the ideal type of plant, he should select the plants that conform to this type for producing seed. ...

The winery and distillery industry generates an increasing amount of wastes, whose management and disposal constitute an environmental concern due to their seasonal character and some polluting characteristics. The main solid by-products and residues generated are grape stalk, grape pomace or marc, wine lee, exhausted grape marc and winery sludge, while the main effluents are winery wastewater ...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Myrmecochory is a conspicuous feature of several sclerophyll ecosystems around the world but it has received little attention in the semi-arid areas of South America. This study addresses the importance of seed dispersal by ants in a 2500-km(2) area of the Caatinga ecosystem (north-east Brazil) and investigates ant-derived benefits to the plant through myrmecochory. METHOD...

Abstract Information in the literature and unpublished results of authors on Dobinea were used to determine kind [class(es)] seed (true + endocarp) dormancy non-dormancy genera all five tribes Anacardiaceae, examined relation taxonomic position endocarp anatomy within family. Reports both germination found for 15 tribe Spondiadeae, 6 Anacardieae, 30 Rhoeae, 3 Semecarpeae 1 Dobineeae. In Spondia...

This paper presents a new semi-competitive learning paradigm named Competitive and Cooperative Learning (CCL), in which seed points not only compete each other for updating to adapt to an input each time, but also dynamically cooperate to achieve the learning task. This competitive and cooperative mechanism can automatically merge those extra seed points, meanwhile making the seed points gradua...