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We welcome the examination by Marshall (1) of our study (2), particularly his corrected statistical analysis of confidence intervals on stratigraphic ranges, which we accept. We believe, however, that in the process he has misinterpreted both our original data and his own reanalysis. We argued for both gradual and abrupt aspects to the Permian-Triassic (P-T) extinction, whereas Marshall suggest...

Carbon cycle disturbance associated with mass extinction at the end of the Permian Period continued through the Early Triassic, an interval of approximately 5 million years. Coincidence of carbon cycle stabilization with accelerated Middle Triassic biotic recovery suggests a link between carbon cycling and biodiversity, but the cause of Early Triassic carbon isotope excursions remains poorly un...

Generally Early Triassic floras are believed to be depauperate, suffering from protracted recovery following the Permian-Triassic extinction event. Here we present palynological data of an expanded East Greenland section documenting recovered floras in the basal Triassic (Griesbachian) and a subsequent fundamental floral turnover, postdating the Permian-Triassic boundary extinction by about 500...

The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) has long been proposed as having a causal relationship with the end-Triassic extinction event (∼201.5 Ma). In North America and northern Africa, CAMP is preserved as multiple basaltic units interbedded with uppermost Triassic to lowermost Jurassic sediments. However, it has been unclear whether this apparent pulsing was a local feature, or if pulses...

During the end-Permian mass extinction, marine ecosystems suffered a major drop in diversity, which was maintained throughout the Early Triassic until delayed recovery during the Middle Triassic. This depressed diversity in the Early Triassic correlates with multiple major perturbations to the global carbon cycle, interpreted as either intrinsic ecosystem or external palaeoenvironmental effects...

The measurement of isotope ratios in sedimentary rocks deposited over geological time can provide key insights to past environmental change over important intervals in the past. However, it is important to be aware that secondary alteration can overprint the original isotopic records. We demonstrate this principle using high-resolution carbon, sulfur, and oxygen isotope measurements in organic ...

The Permian-Triassic boundary in the Himalayas is reviewed and discussed in the light of palaeontologic and stratigraphic data collected during the past two and a half decades from Kashmir, Spiti and Nepal. The deposition of the Kuling Shales and their equivalents in different parts of the Himalayas was followed by shallowing and regression of the sea. Sedimentation was interrupted at the t...

Anomalously high platinum group element concentrations have previously been reported for Upper Triassic deep-sea sediments, which are interpreted to be derived from an extraterrestrial impact event. Here we report the osmium (Os) isotope fingerprint of an extraterrestrial impact from Upper Triassic chert successions in Japan. Os isotope data exhibit a marked negative excursion from an initial O...

One of the most severe mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic, the Triassic-Jurassic event is greater or equal in magnitude to that at the more famous K-T boundary (Benton, 1994) (Fig. 1). Such severity, at least for marine families is also supported by Foote’s (2003) statistical revaluations, although there remain dissenters (e.g. Hallam, 2002; Lucas et al., 2002). The cause of this mass-extincti...