BACKGROUND There is an urgent need for blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) tests when participants are ambulatory, as in daily activity monitoring, sleep monitoring, or even athletes' cardiovascular function tests. In such situations, measuring equipment needs to be wearable. This restricts the processor volume, and the corresponding algorithm should be microprocessor compatible. OBJECTIVE This ar...

Using annual data from 1997–2014 of 30 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions, subdividing trended and cyclical volatility of macroeconomics and inflation, considering different indicators of financial development and financial structure, this paper investigated the impact of financial development and financial structure on macroeconomic volatility. The empirical results found that (...

In this paper, we extend the Maximum Likelihood (ML) training algorithm to the Minimum classificnrtion Emor (MCE) training algorithm for optimal estimation of the state-dependent polynomial coefficients in the trended HMM [2]. The problem of automatic speech recognition is viewed as a discriminative dynamic data-fitting problem, where nlotiue (not absolute) closeness in fitting an array of dyna...

We test a theory presented previously to account for the turbulent transport of magnetic uctuation energy in the solar wind and the related dissipation and heating of the ambient ion population. This theory accounts for the injection of magnetic energy through the damping of large-scale ow gradients such as wind shear and compression, and incorporates the injection of magnetic energy due to wav...

This paper presents the theoretical development of new threshold autoregressive models based on trended time series. The theoretical arguments underlying the models are outlined and a nonlinear economic model is used to derive the speci cation of the empirical econometric models. Estimation and testing issues are considered and analysed. Additionally we apply the models to the empirical investi...

Most synapses form on small, specialized postsynaptic structures known as dendritic spines. The in ̄ux of Ca ions into such spinesÐthrough synaptic receptors and voltage-sensitive Ca channels (VSCCs)Ðtriggers diverse processes that underlie synaptic plasticity. Using two-photon laser scanning microscopy, we imaged action-potential-induced transient changes in Ca concentration in spines and dendr...

In this paper, we report our recent work on applications of the MAP approach to estimating the time-varying polynomial Gaussian mean functions in the nonstationary-state or trended HMM. Assuming uncorrelatedness among the polynomial coefficients in the trended HMM, we have obtained analytical results for the MAP estimates of the time-varying mean and precision parameters. We have implemented a ...

This study investigates long-range power-law correlations in US, UK, Japanese, German, French and Spanish stock markets using daily data and applying a recently developed residual analysis termed detrended /uctuation analysis (DFA). We quantify correlations for the returns, absolute value of returns and square of returns. The results show that there is little evidence of long-range correlations...

A second-order accurate cell-vertex nite volume/ nite element hybrid scheme is proposed. A nite volume method is used for the hyperbolic stress equations and a nite element method for the balance equations. The nite volume implementation incorporates the recent advancement on uctuation distribution schemes for advection equations. Accuracy results are presented for a pure convection problem, fo...