background traumatic brain injury (tbi) is a worldwide problem, especially in countries with high incidences of road traffic accidents such as iran. patients with a single occurrence of tbi have been shown to be at increased risk to future tbi. this study presents incidences and characteristics of repeated traumatic brain injury (rtbi) in iran. materials and methods during one year, all admitte...

introduction: following a traumatic brain injury (tbi), the excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines is major cause of cerebral edema that can cause permanent neuronal loss. this study examined the changes in brain concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines il-1, il-6, tnf-α and tgf- after different doses of estrogen or progesterone treatment in brain-injured rats at 6 and 24 h post-in...

the patient with head trauma is a challenge for the emergency physician and for the neurosurgeon. currently traumatic brain injury constitutes a public health problem. knowledge of the various supportive therapeutic strategies in the pre-hospital and pre-operative stages is essential for optimal care. the immediate rapid infusion of large volumes of crystalloids to restore blood volume and bloo...

Traumatic brain injury is a serious global health problem with irreversible high morbidity and disability and Because of its unknown pathophysiological mechanisms, efficient therapeutic approaches to improve the poor outcome and long-term impairment of behavioral function are still remains lacking. The microglial cells are the resident macrophage cells of the brain and have M1/M2 phenotype, for...

Brain injury is a damage to the brain, not congenital or degenerative, but caused by an attack physical impact from outside. Traumatic brain (TBI) that occurs when force transmitted head body causes neuropathological and dysfunction. TBI one of most common injuries worldwide. This disorder affects 2% world's population each year leading cause death serious disability in children young adults. G...

Objective(s):Estrogen (E2) has neuroprotective effects on blood-brain-barrier (BBB) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). In order to investigate the roles of estrogen receptors (ERs) in these effects, ER-α antagonist (MPP) and, ER-β antagonist (PHTPP), or non-selective estrogen receptors antagonist (ICI 182780) were administered. Materials and Methods: Ovariectomized rats were divided into 10 gr...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as a disturbance in functioning caused by an external force. The development of post traumatic epilepsy (PTE) serious risk associated with TBI. Indeed, other neurological impairments are also common following In this review, we analyze and discuss the most widely used best validated rodent models TBI, particular focus on their contribution to understandin...

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