Translocation of the mRNA-tRNA complex in the ribosome, which is catalyzed by elongation factor EF-G, is one of critical steps in the elongation cycle of protein synthesis. Besides this conventional forward translocation, the backward translocation can also occur, which can be catalyzed by elongation factor LepA. However, the molecular mechanism of the translocation remains elusive. To understa...

The entry of exogenous fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) to the cytosolic/nuclear compartment was studied and compared with the translocation mechanism used by FGF-1. To differentiate between external and endogenous growth factor, we used FGF-2 modified to contain a farnesylation signal, a CaaX-box. Because farnesylation occurs only in the cytosol and nucleoplasm, farnesylation of exogenous FG...

Similarly to many protein toxins, the growth factors fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1) and FGF-2 translocate from endosomes into the cytosol. It was recently found that certain toxins are dependent on cytosolic Hsp90 for efficient translocation across the endosomal membrane. We therefore investigated the requirement for Hsp90 in FGF translocation. We found that low concentrations of the specif...

introduction the lead is considered as one of the most toxic heavy metals in environment organizations of industrial and developing countries. therefore, refining of soil and water contaminated to this element is from most important environmental policies of this countries. lead metal is unnecessary for the body, so that trace amount in the body, indicating contamination with this element. lead...

in order to investigate the effect of cd and zn on uptake, concentration and the translocation factor of the cd and zn in the rice plant, a factorial experiment was conducted with four factors including two rice cultivars of vandana and hashemi, two waterlogged and non-waterlogged conditions and three levels of zn and cd (0, 5 and 10 mg kg-1 soil). the experiment was carried out in a randomized...

abstract the use of plants for remediation of heavy metals contaminated soils is an economical, cheap and effective strategy. this research was conducted in order to study the effect of potassium chloride on cadmium uptake and enhancement of it's phytoremediation by canola (brassica napus l.) and sunflower (helianthus annuus l.) in a cadmium polluted soil from angoran in zanjan province. in a r...

down’s syndrome, or 21 trisomy, is the most common autosomal abnormality, with incidence of 1 per 815 live births in iran. worldwide reports indicate that about 95% are regular trisomy, or nondisjunction, 1% are mosaic and 4% due to translocation. however, these values show a geographical variation. a cytogenetic study of down's syndrome, or trismoy 21, was carried out on 366 cases (202 males a...

(11S)-2 -Bromo-3-oxoeudesmano-12,6 -lactone, designated santonin-related compound 2 (SRC2), only weakly affected I B degradation after tumor necrosis factor(TNF) stimulation, but strongly blocked the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor B (NFB) subunit p65. Replacement of Cys-38 of p65 with serine abolished the inhibitory effect of SRC2 on this TNFinduced nuclear translocation. These results...

Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive tumor with a rare incidence. Extended surgical resections are the prevalent treatment for OS, which may cause critical-size bone defects. These defects lead to dysfunction, weakening post-surgical quality of patients’ life. Hence, ideal therapeutic agent OS should simultaneously possess anti-cancer and repair capacities. Curcumin (CUR) has been reported in the...

We describe an in vitro system with all components derived from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that can translocate a yeast secretory protein across microsomal membranes. In vitro transcribed prepro-alpha-factor mRNA served to program a membrane-depleted yeast translation system. Translocation and core glycosylation of prepro-alpha-factor were observed when yeast microsomal membranes were a...