This project was designed to study the incidence, onset, duration and potency of tramadol, in donkeys can be evaluated as local anesthetic drug by infiltration maxillary sinus for trephination. In this study, five adult both sexes breed were used induce trephination that given 2% xylazine hydrochloride intravenously followed 5% tramadol with aseptic technique. Parameters evaluation, physical cl...

This study aimed to investigate the analgesic efficacy of caudal epidural administration of tramadol in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). A total of 10 dromedary camels of both sexes were selected and randomly assigned to one of two groups to receive epidurally either 1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg of tramadol hydrochloride. The injections were made into the epidural space at first intercoccygeal jun...

By using a high-performance liquid chromatography method, the pharmacokinetics of the tramadol (T) and its three main metabolites, O-desmethyltramadol (M1), N-desmethyltramadol (M2) and O,N-didesmethyltramadol (M5) was studied in healthy male and female Iranian volunteers after oral administration of two 50 mg tramadol hydrochloride tablets. The related pharmacokinetic parameters such as C(max)...

BACKGROUND Tramadol hydrochloride (tramadol) is a synthetic opioid analgesic with a relatively weak affinity at opioid receptors. At analgesic doses, tramadol seems to cause little or no respiratory depression in humans, although there are some conflicting data. The aim of this study was to examine whether tramadol causes dose-dependent inhibitory effects on the ventilatory carbon dioxide respo...

T ramadol hydrochloride is a centrally acting synthetic analgesic with a dual mechanism of action. Tramadol and its Odesmethyl metabolite (M1) bind to opioid receptors, with M1 having a 200-fold higher affinity for binding to these receptors. Tramadol has also been shown to inhibit the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, suggesting that its antinociceptive activity is mediated by both opioi...

The paper evaluates and compares the compressibility and compactibility of directly compressible tableting materials for the preparation of hydrophilic gel matrix tablets containing tramadol hydrochloride and the coprocessed dry binders Prosolv® SMCC 90 and Disintequik™ MCC 25. The selected types of hypromellose are Methocel™ Premium K4M and Methocel™ Premium K100M in 30 and 50 % concentrations...

Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic with weak opioid agonist properties, which also has monoaminergic activity, exerted via inhibition of neuronal uptake serotonin and norepinephrine. generally well tolerated the most common adverse events are nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, sweating, vomiting dry mouth. The effect intraperitoneal injection tramadol pilocarpine were studied in rats on flow ...

The aim of this study was to first evaluate whether the chitosan hydrochloride-genipin crosslinking reaction is influenced by factors such as time, and polymer/genipin concentration, and second, to develop crosslinked drug loaded microspheres to improve the control over drug release. Once the crosslinking process was characterized as a function of the factors mentioned above, drug loaded hydroc...

Tramadol is widely used as a pain reliever; stimulant and it may delay ejaculation. But chronic tramadol users have adverse side effects. Aim: To clarify the worst effect of tramadol hydrochloride on male fertility and its role in neurodegeneration disorders due to oxidative stress in spite of indeed its use as ejaculation delaying. Materials and methods: This experimental study was performed u...

BACKGROUND Natural gums are polymers widely used as excipients in drug formulation. Polymer extraction and formulation processing methods could significantly affect formulation characteristics. OBJECTIVES To evaluate different methods of gum extraction and the effect of different compression methods on the mechanical and release properties of tramadol hydrochloride matrix tablets incorporatin...