The chloropesticide toxaphene (Camphechlor, Melipax) has been used in high quantities since 1945 . Toxaphene has been classified as a persistent organohalogen pollutant (POP) and belongs to the “dirty dozen” . Due to its heavy use in the 1960s and 1970s, several environmental compartments were significantly contaminated with toxaphene. For instance, concentrations in polluted areas could exceed...

Although it has been documented that wildlife in the Rio Grande Valley (RGV) contain increased concentrations of organochlorine (OC) contaminants, particularly DDE, little has been published on residues of toxaphene throughout this major North American watershed. In this study, 28 liver composites from adult swallows (Petrochelidon spp.) collected along the Rio Grande from 1999 through 2000 wer...

The estrogenic activity of dieldrin, toxaphene, and an equimolar mixture of both compounds (dieldrin/toxaphene) was investigated in the 21-day-old B6C3F1 mouse uterus, MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, and in yeast-based reporter gene assays. Treatment of the animals with 17beta-estradiol (E2) (0.0053 kg/day x3) resulted in a 3.1-, 4.8-, and 7.8-fold increase in uterine wet weight, peroxidase ac...

Toxaphene is a mixture of chlorinated camphenes and bornanes that was produced and used in the United States until 1982. 1.3 million tons of toxaphene have been released worldwide. "Technical" toxaphene (TT) consists of a mixture of up to 800 different chemicals, known as congeners. TT weathers in the environment by both biotic and abiotic processes. The human body burden of toxaphene consists ...

Goldfish virus-2 replication was enhanced in vitro by pretreatment of CAR cells with subcytotoxic concentrations of carbaryl and toxaphene. This phenomenon was time and temperature dependent. Shortening of pretreatment with carbaryl eliminated enhancement, which was observed for toxaphene only with substantially increased concentrations. Decreasing the temperature of pretreatment (4 degrees C) ...

ORGANOHALOGEN COMPOUNDS – Volume 66 (2004) 1500 Introduction Toxaphene and mirex are the members of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) included in the International Treaty, the Stockholm Convention. POPs are characteristically transferred across borders and are accumulated in wildlife. Consequently, their global distribution and biological impacts are of great concern. However, there is very ...

Estrogen-related receptor (ERR) a-1 shares a high amino acid sequence homology with estrogen receptor a. Although estrogens are not ligands of ERRa-1, our recent results suggest that toxaphene and chlordane, two organochlorine pesticides with estrogen-like activity, behave as antagonists for this orphan nuclear receptor. The two compounds increased ERRa-1-mediated expression of the reporter enz...

Toxaphene and other persistent organochlorine (OC) pesticides (chlordane-related compounds [sigmaCHL], DDT-related compounds [sigmaDDT], hexachlorocyclohexanes [sigmaHCH], tris(p-chloro-phenyl)methane, hexachlorobenzene, octachlorostyrene, dieldrin) were determined in fat of Laysan albatross (Diomedea immutabilis) and in fat and eggs of blackfooted albatross (Diomedea nigripes) from the central...

This reevaluation of the current U.S. EPA cancer potency factor for toxaphene is based upon a review of toxaphene carcinogenesis bioassays in mice conducted by Litton Bionetics (unpublished report, 1978) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) (Technical Report Series No. 37, conducted by Gulf South Research Institute, 1979). The mechanistic data available for toxaphene, including consideration...

of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science EFFECT OF ALCOHOL COSOLVENTS ON THE AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF TOXAPHENE By Padma Paan August 2005 Chair: Clayton J. Clark II Major Department: Civil and Coastal Engineering Remediation of sites contaminated with chlorinated organic compounds is a sig...