STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Accumulation of plaque and staining due to a rough surface, and penetration of colourant agents from food and beverages in to the resin composite results in an incomplete polymerization. There is a little information on the effect of finishing and polishing techniques on the discoloration of nanohybrid and microhybrid composites when exposed to staining solutions. OBJECTI...

Compared with Mie scattering theory, Airy rainbow theory clearly miscalculates some monochromatic details of scattering by small water drops. Yet when monodisperse Airy theory is measured by perceptual (rather than purely physical) standards such as chromaticity and luminance contrast, it differs very little from Mie theory. Considering only the angular positions of luminance extrema, Airy theo...

Initial hydration and setting were continuously monitored in calcium sulfoaluminate clinker (KCSA) mixed with water or 2 M NaOH isothermal conduction calorimetry, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurement, the Vicat apparatus, (in- ex-situ) X-ray diffraction. P-wave acceleration (ap) proved highly useful to detect very rapid initial reactions, not generally perceptible other techniques. Setti...

[1] Evidence is strong that the changes observed in the Earth’s globally averaged temperature over the past halfcentury are caused to a large degree by human activities. Efforts to document accompanying precipitation changes in observations have met with limited success, and have been primarily focussed on large-scale regions in order to reduce the relative impact of the natural variability of ...