This article is a critical review of some of the methods that have been used for the sampling, analysis, and monitoring of vapor-phase toluene diisocyanate (TDI). Only some of the methods that have received relatively widespread application have been addressed in this article. This review includes a "tutorial style" discussion of basic definitions and basic principles and procedures of quality ...

the isocyanates are widely used as precursors of polyurethane products, as well as carbamate insecticides. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (tdi) is one of the most important commercially used isocyanates. humans may be exposed to tdi by inhalation, ingestion, dermal and eye contact. tdi is a powerful irritant to the mucosal membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, eyes and the skin. p...

Cytokine Production by Splenocytes and Thymocytes in Mice after Intranasal Exposure to Toluene Diisocyanate: Kui-Cheng ZHENG, et al. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus—To determine the status and the role of cytokines in occupational asthma induced by toluene diisocyanate (TDI), we performed a quantitative analysis of cytokine profiles by means of s...

In recent years, occupational asthma has become the most frequent occupational lung disease in many countries. Reports and statements on the frequency of occupational asthma due to isocyanates are quite contradictory. In order to clarify the issue, a critical review of the medical literature of the past half century worldwide has been performed, with special emphasis on toluene diisocyanate (TD...

Humans are exposed to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) primarily through inhalation in workplaces where TDI is produced or used. It is classified as a possible human carcinogen, based primarily on increased tumor incidences in rodents treated with TDI by oral gavage. We used the hypothesis-based weight-of-evidence (HBWoE) method to evaluate whether the available data support the hypothesis that TDI i...

To evaluate the role of airway neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP) and epithelium removal in the contraction of airway smooth muscle in response to toluene diisocyanate (TDI), we studied the effects of the NEP inhibitor, phosphoramidon, on TDI-induced contractions of guinea-pig bronchial rings with intact epithelium and without epithelium. In preparations with intact epithelium, phosphoramidon (1...

BACKGROUND An appreciable number of patients with toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-induced asthma have high serum levels of specific IgE (sIgE) antibody to TDI-human serum albumin conjugate (HSA). A recent investigation suggested a role of specific IgG (sIgG) in the development of TDI asthma. METHODS We observed the changes in the levels of specific IgE and IgG antibodies to TDIHSA conjugate in TDI...

Polyurethanes are widely used in car paint formulations. During thermal degradation, such polymeric systems can generate powerful asthmatic sensitizing agents named isocyanates. In body repair shops, the thermal degradation of car paint can occur during abrasive processes that generate enough heat to involve release of isocyanates in air. An environmental monitoring study was performed in two b...

Long-term change in nonspecific and specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness was studied in 16 subjects with asthma induced by toluene diisocyanate (TDI). A significant positive correlation between months of follow-up and provocative dose inducing a 20 percent fall in FEV1 (PD20FEV1) methacholine was observed in 5 of 16 subjects. In 4 of these 5 subjects, a PD20FEV1 > 1 mg of methacholine was obs...