Overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome occurs when the bladder contracts suddenly without the individual’s control or when the bladder is not full. Symptoms of OAB include a sudden urgent desire to pass urine (urgency), going to the toilet often (frequency), waking up to use the toilet more than once at night (nocturia), and the passing of small quantities of urine before a toilet can be reached whe...

OBJECTIVE By comparing an Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) compliant design with alternative designs, this pilot study resulted in recommendations for designing patient bathrooms to facilitate assisted toileting. BACKGROUND The ADA Accessibility Guidelines were developed primarily to address the needs of disabled populations, such as returning Vietnam veterans,...

OBJECTIVES The objectives of this report are to determine the following: (1) the effectiveness of the toilet training methods, (2) which factors modify the effectiveness of toilet training, (3) if the toilet training methods are risk factor for adverse outcomes, and (4) the optimal toilet training method for achieving bowel and bladder control among patients with special needs. DATA SOURCES M...

Clinicians can help reinforce the positive developmental aspects of toilet training by supporting, educating, and encouraging parents and their child. To begin the process, it is important for the clinician to understand the child’s developmental issues critical to his or her mastery and to understand parents’ perspectives on how and when to toilet train. Clinicians also can encourage toilet tr...

We conducted a comparison of the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) taken from the bio-toilet and other sources. A characterisation of DOM was carried out to assess the stability of the compost generated during the thermophilic and aerobic biodegradation of faeces. In addition, levels of soluble microbial products generated in the bio-toilet composting reactor were compared with ...

The purpose of this study was to quantify how school sanitation conditions are associated with pupils' use of sanitation facilities. We conducted a longitudinal assessment in 60 primary schools in Nyanza Province, Kenya, using structured observations to measure facility conditions and pupils' use at specific facilities. We used multivariable mixed regression models to characterize how pupil to ...

AbstractUrban sanitation necessitates management of fecal sludge inside and outside the household. This study examined associations between household sanitation, fecal contamination, and enteric infection in two low-income neighborhoods in Vellore, India. Surveys and spatial analysis assessed the presence and clustering of toilets and fecal sludge management (FSM) practices in 200 households. F...

The Sustainable Sanitation System is a new wastewater treatment system that incorporates a non-flushing toilet (Bio-toilet) that converts excreta into a reusable resource (as fertilizer or humus for organic agriculture) and reduces the pollution load to environments of the rivers, the lakes, and the sea. However, the risk of exposure to pathogens should be considered, because excrement is store...

We evaluated the utility of electronic loggers to measure the effects of a simple intervention designed to influence the rates of hand washing with soap within enclosed toilets and bathrooms in low-income urban households in Kerala, India. 58 households were given three items with embedded electronic loggers for a period of 2-5 days. Two logged soaps tracked hand and body washing in the bathroo...

BACKGROUND Methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI), a common preservative in some brands of moist toilet paper (baby wipes and moist towelettes), has been reported to be a cause of allergic contact dermatitis. However, few cases have been reported in the United States. OBSERVATIONS We report the cases of 4 adult patients with severe perianal and perineal allergic contact de...