Recently, indoor geolocation technologies has been attracting tremendous attention. For indoor environments, the fine time resolution of ultra-wideband (UWB) signals enables the potential of accurate distance measurement of the direct path (DP) between a number of reference sources and the people or assets of interest. However, Once the DP is not available or is shadowed, substantial errors wil...

In Time-of-Arrival (TOA) based indoor human tracking system, the human body mounted with the target sensor can cause non-line of sight (NLOS) scenario and result in significant ranging error. However, the previous studies on the behavior of indoor TOA ranging did not take the effects of human body into account. In this paper, measurement of TOA ranging error has been conducted in a typical indo...

A trioctylamine (TOA) modified carbon paste electrode (TOA/CPE) was firstly utilized to determine Cr(VI) in electronics materials. The effects of preconcentration conditions, that is, TOA amount and accumulation time on Cr(VI) accumulation were examined and the optimum experiment conditions for the determination were identified. A sensitive reduction peak in the stripping voltammogram at -0.45 ...

Source localisation can be achieved by employing the time-of-arrival (TOA) measurements between the source and several spatially separated sensors. A simple and accurate algorithm for TOA-based positioning in the presence of multipath propagation is presented. With the use of a pure reflector, the multipath TOA information can be effectively utilised. Simulation results show that the performanc...

This paper presents a new time of arrival (TOA) estimation technique using an improved energy detection (ED) receiver based on the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) in an impulse radio (IR) 60 GHz millimeter wave (MMW) system. A threshold is employed via analyzing the characteristics of the received energy values with an extreme learning machine (ELM). The effect of the channel and integration...

We initiate a study of topological orthoalgebras (TOAs), concentrating on the compact case. Examples of TOAs include topological orthomodular lattices, and also the projection lattice of a Hilbert space. As the latter example illustrates, a lattice-ordered TOA need not be a topological lattice. However, we show that a compact Boolean TOA is a topological Boolean algebra. Using this, we prove th...

Precise time-of-arrival (TOA) estimation is one of the most important techniques in RF-based positioning systems that use wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Because the accuracy of TOA estimation is proportional to the RF signal bandwidth, using broad bandwidth is the most fundamental approach for achieving higher accuracy. Hence, ultra-wide-band (UWB) systems with a bandwidth of 500 MHz are comm...

The total order assumption (TOA) is the assumption that all execution sequences of observable actions or events are totally ordered by precedence. As long as in some cases TOA is to the point, total order and partial order semantics are both legitimate but lead to different theories. I argue that TOA is a simplifying assumption, and present an example of a total order theory without interleavin...

Tricuspid valve orifice and tricuspid valve anulus areas were measured simultaneously in the anesthetized dog with a newly developed area-measuring system based on electromagnetic induction. This system permitted real-time monitoring of the area enclosed by the edges of valve leaflets and by the juncture of the valve leaflet and the cardiac wall in situ, without artificial constraint to the val...

The Time Of Arrival (TOA) of a received signal is the most important parameter for position estimation. The accuracy of the estimated TOA is limited by multipath errors. Consequently, multipath mitigation techniques are essential for high accuracy positioning using TOA observations. Narrow Correlator and double delta correlator were introduced to reduce multipath errors in pseudoranges. These c...