Background: Pattern recognition receptors, especially toll-like receptors (TLRs), as the first line of defense for pathogen detection, were found to be associated with H.­ pylori infection and gastric cancer (GC). However, the expression levels of TLRs, i.e. TLR2 and TLR4, as the main receptors sensed by H.­ pylori, still remain largely ambiguous. We aimed to investigate the patterns of key tra...

GPIs isolated from Toxoplasma gondii, as well as a chemically synthesized GPI lacking the lipid moiety, activated a reporter gene in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing TLR4, while the core glycan and lipid moieties cleaved from the GPIs activated both TLR4- and TLR2-expressing cells. MyD88, but not TLR2, TLR4, or CD14, is absolutely needed to trigger TNF-alpha production by macrophages expo...

Toll‑like receptor (TLR) 2/4 serves an important regulatory role in nerve tissue injury. However, the downstream and potential mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The present study was designed investigate roles of TLR2/4‑major myeloid differentiation response gene 88 (MyD88)‑NF‑κB signaling pathway development intracranial aneurysm. expression TLR2, TLR4 MyD88 blood normal controls patients wi...

Subretinal fibrosis is directly related to severe visual loss, especially if occurs in the macula, and is frequently observed in advanced age-related macular degeneration and other refractory eye disorders such as diabetic retinopathy and uveitis. In this study, we analyzed the immunosuppressive mechanism of subretinal fibrosis using the novel animal model recently demonstrated. Both TLR2 and T...

Background: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are the main sensors of pathogen and danger signals in innate immunity of which Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) are the most studied ones. The contribution of PRRs in cerebral inflammation induced by microbial infection, tissue damage and cancer has not extensively been addressed so far. Glioma is the most common tumor of the central nervous system an...

The innate host response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) obtained from Porphyromonas gingivalis is unusual in that different studies have reported that it can be an agonist for Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) as well as an antagonist or agonist for TLR4. In this report it is shown that P. gingivalis LPS is highly heterogeneous, containing more lipid A species than previously described. In addition, pur...

OBJECTIVE Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is recognized by TLR4 and TLR2 receptors, which trigger the activation of genes involved in the host immune response. Thus, we evaluated the effect of eradication therapy on TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and protein expression in H. pylori-infected chronic gastritis patients (CG-Hp+) and 3 months after treatment. METHODS A total of 37 patients CG-Hp+ were evaluated. Th...

Toll-like receptor (TLR) is a key component in launching innate immune response to microbial challenge. TLR4 and TLR2 are recognized as specific receptors for components of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. Horses are extremely sensitive to endotoxin-induced cardiopulmonary distress and mortality which causes significant economic losses. To date, there are no data on the e...

Most pathogens express ligands for multiple TLRs that share common downstream signaling. In this study, we investigated the effects of acute alcohol on inflammatory pathways induced by TLR2 or TLR4 ligands and their combination. In human monocytes, alcohol attenuated TLR4- but not TLR2-induced TNF-alpha protein and mRNA levels and NF-kappaB activation. In contrast, acute alcohol augmented TNF-a...