Viral infection activates danger signals that are transmitted via the retinoic acid-inducible gene 1-like receptor (RLR), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR), and Toll-like receptor (TLR) protein signaling cascades. This places host cells in an antiviral posture by up-regulating antiviral cytokines including type-I interferon (IFN-I). Ubiquitin modifications and cross-...

Toll-like receptor ligands (TLR-L) represent novel vaccine adjuvants, but their immunological effects in humans in-vivo remain poorly defined. Here we analyzed the innate responses stimulated by different TLR-L in rhesus macaques, a relevant preclinical model for vaccine testing. MPL (TLR4-L), R-848 (TLR7/8-L) or CpG-ODN (TLR9-L) induced rapid (3hr) and robust (>92% of WBC) expansion of blood n...

Several studies indicated that TLR as well as retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like helicase (RLH) signaling contribute to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-mediated triggering of type I IFN (IFN-I) responses. Nevertheless, TLR-deficient MyD88(-/-)Trif(-/-) mice and RLH-deficient caspase activation and recruitment domain adaptor inducing IFN-β (Cardif)(-/-) mice showed only marginally enhanced sus...

background: during recent years, infection of acinetobacter baumanii showed a rapid growth in hospitals and community. toll-like receptors (tlrs) are the most important pattern recognition receptors, which play a critical role during recognizing invading pathogens by the natural immune system. our objective was to determine the associations of tlrs polymorphisms with the susceptibility to a. ba...

BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) activates host innate immune responses mediated by retinoic acid inducing gene-I (RIG-I) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Although the nonstructural protein 3/4A (NS3/4A) of HCV disrupts interferon responses by inhibiting RIG-I signaling, the effects of TLR activation by HCV-associated proteins on host innate immune responses are poorly understood. METHODS Pr...

Defective Rhinovirus induced interferon-β and interferon-λ production has been reported in bronchial epithelial cells from asthmatics but the mechanisms of defective interferon induction in asthma are unknown. Virus infection can induce interferon through Toll like Receptors (TLR)3, TLR7 and TLR8. The role of these TLRs in interferon induction in asthma is unclear. This objective of this study ...

The inflammatory response is important in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Picroside II, the primary active constituent of Picrorhizae, has been reported to protect the myocardium from I/R-induced injury, however, the exact mechanism underlying these protective effects remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism underlying the ...

Plasmacytoid predendritic cells (pDCs) are the main producers of type I interferon (IFN) in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation. Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) has been shown to be activated by TLR triggering in multiple cell types; however, its role in pDC function is not known. We show that PI3K is activated by TLR stimulation in primary human pDCs and demonstrate, using sp...

The "Teachable Letter Recognizer" (TLR) is a program for letter learning which uses a method not vet described in the character recognition literature. TLR has two main characteristics: (1) It uses a discrimination tree as a knowledge representation. The discrimination tree is a quadtree w i t h some additions. (2) The two types of global features that are used to characterise a letter are the ...

Interferons are a group of small proteins that play key roles in host antiviral innate immunity. Their induction mainly relies on host pattern recognition receptors (PRR). Host PRR for RNA viruses include Toll-like receptors (TLR) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLR). Activation of both TLR and RLR pathways can eventually lead to the secretion of type I IFNs, which ca...