background: localized alveolar ridge defect may create physiological and pathological problems. developments in surgical techniques have made it simpler to change the confi guration of a ridge to create a more aesthetic and more easily cleansable shape. the purpose of this study was to compare the effi cacy of alveolar ridge augmentation using a subepithelial connective tissue graft in pouch an...

severe hepatic failure accounts for many deaths and raises medical costs each year worldwide. currently, liver transplantation is the most common therapeutic option for patients with end-stage chronic liver disease. due to decrease in the number of organ donors, many in need of transplantation continue to remain on the waiting list. hepatic tissue engineering is a step toward alleviating the ne...

introduction: organ donation is one of the surviving procedures which can increase the life expectancy of end-stage patients. inappropriate beliefs and attitude of individuals to organ donation, their poor knowledge, and the socio-economic level are one of the most important barriers for organ donation. therefore, here knowledge and attitude levels among relatives of trauma patients regarding o...