background: it is estimated that major depression disorders constitute 8.2% of years lived with disability (ylds) globally. the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rtms) and electroconvulsive therapy (ect) are two relative common interventions to treat major depressive disorders, especially for treatment resistant depression. in this study the cost- effectiveness and cost-utility of r...

Life expectancy at birth now stands at 79 years in France, according to vital registration data. Mortality data for the Ancien Régime can be found in the parish registers in which local priests recorded baptisms, marriages and burials. They are found in a few parishes from the end of the 15th century, and were brought into general use by a royal decree of 1667. The demographers who first began ...

The future of pensions has been a prominent issue in French public debate for at least fifteen years. Two key events were the release of the report entitled “Aging in Solidarity” (Vieillir solidaires) by the State Planning Commission (Commissariat Général du Plan) in 1986 [1, 2] and that of the “White Paper on Pensions” (Livre blanc sur les retraites) in 1991 [3]. Since then, the topic has stay...

P children are a largely undocumented population group because they are hard to identify in the standard statistical sources (census, registration data) (see box 1). Now, however, the picture has been filled out by the “Family History Survey” linked to the 1999 population census. The survey was designed by the Insee with assistance from Ined, and covers a sample of 380,000 people over the age o...

The bag-of-words (BOW) model is the common approach for classifying documents, where words are used as feature for training a classifier. This generally involves a huge number of features. Some techniques, such as Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) or Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), have been designed to summarize documents in a lower dimension with the least semantic information loss. Some sema...

Most test collections (like TREC and CLEF) for experimental research in information retrieval apply binary relevance assessments. This paper introduces a four-point relevance scale and reports the findings of a project in which TREC-7 and TREC8 document pools on 38 topics were reassessed. The goal of the reassessment was to build a subcollection of TREC for experiments on highly relevant docume...

The last French census (1999) found that almost all over-60s had been married only once. Both divorce and new union formation are uncommon at these ages, and conjugal life is most likely to be ended by the death of the lifetime partner. But probability of spousal loss is not the same for men and women. Excess male mortality coupled with partner age differentials (wives averaging three years you...

Surgical simulation is an effective tool used to teach many of the fundamental skills required to be a surgeon. Simulation‐based education with directed practice in surgi‐ cal training allows repeated practice in an environment to learn surgical skills, which do not cause harm to patients. There are several simulators developed for endoscopic sinus surgery training. Some simulators have undergo...