BACKGROUND In Latin American countries over-the-counter (OTC) dispensing of antibiotics is common. In 2010, both Mexico and Brazil implemented policies to enforce existing laws of restricting consumption of antibiotics only to patients presenting a prescription. The objective of the present study is therefore to evaluate the impact of OTC restrictions (2010) on antibiotics consumption in Brazil...

Researchers have retrospectively analyzed the training intensity distribution (TID) of nationally and internationally competitive athletes in different endurance disciplines to determine the optimal volume and intensity for maximal adaptation. The majority of studies present a "pyramidal" TID with a high proportion of high volume, low intensity training (HVLIT). Some world-class athletes appear...

BACKGROUND Transient arrhythmias can affect transient ischemic dilation (TID) ratios. This study was initiated to evaluate the frequency and effect of normal heart rate change on TID measures in routine clinical practice. METHODS Consecutive patients undergoing stress/rest sestamibi gated myocardial perfusion scintigraphy were studied (N = 407). Heart rate at the time of stress and rest imagi...

Natural killer T (NKT) cells, which comprise a minor population of T cells in primary and secondary lymphoid organs, possess phenotypic characteristics of both NK and T cells. NKT cells respond to various external stimuli by an early burst of cytokines, including IL-4 and IFN-gamma. Thus, a key immunoregulatory role has been attributed to them. Autoimmune diseases, especially type I diabetes (T...

BACKGROUND Cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) has been one ofthe non HLA genes more commonly studied in type 1 diabetes mellitus (TID). CTLA-4 is a co-stimulation protein that has a key role in the negative regulation ofT cells and is related with a functional cytokine imbalance, generating a T helper (Th) 1 over Th2 dominance. AIM To analyze the association of +49 A/G polym...

The Alzheimer’s trial, called CONNECTION, was a multi-national, double-blind, placebo-controlled safety and efficacy trial involving 598 patients with mild-to-moderate AD at 63 sites in North America, Europe, and South America. Patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups. One group received dimebon 20 mg three times a day (TID) one received 5 mg of dimebon TID, or one received a plac...

Integrated circuits sensitive to both total ionizing dose (TID) and displacement damage (DD) effects can exhibit degradation profiles resulting from a combination of mechanisms induced by effects. This work presents circuit simulations based on experimental data explain combined TID DD bipolar IC current source. First, the effect each internal transistor circuit's response is evaluated applying...

We present a statistical study of Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs) as observed by the EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) during the continuous IPY-run (March 2007–February 2008) with field-aligned measurements. We have developed a semi-automatic routine for searching and extracting Atmospheric Gravity Wave (AGW) activity. The collected data shows that AGW-TID signatures are common in the high...