Transgenic NOD.H-2h4 mice expressing TGF-beta under control of the thyroglobulin promoter were generated to assess the role of TGF-beta in the development of thyrocyte hyperplasia. In contrast to nontransgenic littermates, which develop lymphocytic spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (L-SAT), all TGF-beta transgenic (Tg) mice given NaI water for 2-7 mo developed thyroid lesions characterized by ...

Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) is a recently cloned selenodeiodinase thought to provide intracellular 3,5,3' triiodothyronine (T3) to a restricted group of tissues. We report here the presence of D2 mRNA in human thyroid at levels 50-150-fold higher than in placenta. Surprisingly, while type 1 deiodinase (D1) is known to be present in human thyroid, D2 has not been evaluated previously. D...

Abstract Background The programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) receptor and its ligands PD-L1 PD-L2 are immune checkpoints that suppress anti-cancer immunity. Typically, cancer cells express the PD-Ls bind PD-1 on cells, inhibiting their activity. Recently, expression has also been found in cells. Here, we analysed functions of thyroid (TC). Methods was evaluated by immunohistochemistry human TC sample...

In a preceding report, we showed evidence that thyrotropin (TSH) stimulates Ca2+ efflux from mouse thyroid gland and that TSH stimulation of Ca2+ efflux is inhibited by acute administration of excess iodide to mice fed a low iodine diet (Hashizume et al., 1984). The observations suggested that iodide inhibits Ca2+ efflux through an inhibition of TSH-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity. We foun...