dental anatomical variations play a significant role in the diagnosis and a successful treatment outcome in endodontics. it is essential for the clinician to have a clear picture and understanding of the pulpal anatomy and its variations. in a mandibular second premolar, it is rare to find extra roots and canals. the aim of the present article is to report a case about the successful diagnosis,...

Maxillary first premolar is most commonly a bi-rooted tooth, occasionally having three roots. It usually has two canals, but may rarely have three, which can easily be missed, demanding more attention during endodontic intervention. This paper reports this rarity of 3 roots and canals in maxillary premolar, highlighting the difficulties special care needed treatment. Careful investigation diagn...

agrobacterium rhizogenes (pri), a causative agent of hairy root disease, effectively induces hairy root formation in a variety of plant species. in our study four bacterial strains ar15834, a4, 9435 and c318 and three explants types leaf, stems and roots, were examined. hairy roots were induced from roots, stems and leaf explants. the highest transformation efficiency of 77% was achieved by usi...

A mandibular second premolar with four canals is an interesting example of anatomic variations. This report describes a case of a mandibular second premolar with three roots and four canals (one mesiobuccal, two distobuccal and one lingual). The canals were prepared using K-files and irrigated with NaOCl (5.25%) and normal saline as the final irrigant. The canals were filled laterally with gutt...

the most important limiting factor for mass production of mycorrhizal fungi inoculums and subsequently their use in arable soil is obligate nature of this symbiosis. to overcome this problem, several methods such as hydroponic ,aeroponic, and root organ culture have been proposed for spore production of these fungi. each of these methods has several capabilities and limiting factors.  the goal ...

a case of unusual root morphology is presented to demonstrate anatomic variations in mandibular second molars. the most common configuration of mandibular second molar is to have two roots with three root canals; however mandibular molars may have many different combinations. endodontic therapy was performed in a mandibular second molar with 3 separate roots 2 located mesially and one distally....