We present a setting for the study of torsion theories in general categories. The idea is to associate, with any pair ($\mathcal T$, $\mathcal F$) full replete subcategories category C$, corresponding subcategory Z = \mathcal T \cap F$ \emph{trivial objects} C$. morphisms which factor through Z$ are called Z$-trivial, and these form an ideal morphisms, respect one can define Z$-prekernels, Z$-p...

Explanation and argumentation are fundamental to reasoning. They are therefore of some importance to artificial intelligence. Discourse-based reasoning (DBR) is a knowledge representation technology that uses natural patterns of discourse as a basis for a structural ontology of explanatory and argumentative reasoning. By this means, we may ontologize the reasoning process itself, thus rendering...

This article proposes that learning of categories based on cause-effect relations is guided by causal models. In addition to incorporating domain-specific knowledge, causal models can be based on knowledge of such general structural properties as the direction of the causal arrow and the variability of causal variables. Five experiments tested the influence of commoncause models and common-effe...

in many structures, the applied lateral loads are comparable with gravity loads. these types of piles which are subject to high lateral load are usually divided into two categories including long and short piles. the general methods to estimate lateral bearing capacity of short and long piles are based on ultimate bearing capacity and allowable horizontal displacement respectively. in the prese...

Human brain structural networks contain sets of centrally embedded hub regions that enable efficient information communication. However, it remains largely unknown about categories of structural brain hubs and their microstructural, functional and cognitive characteristics as well as contributions to individual identification. Here, we employed three multi-modal imaging data sets with structura...