1. How organisms locate their hosts is of fundamental importance in a variety of basic and applied ecological fields, including population dynamics, invasive species management and biological control. However, tracking movement of small organisms, such as insects, poses significant logistical challenges. 2. Mass-release and individual–mark–recapture techniques were combined in an individually m...

Background & Aim: Milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn] is an annual or biennial plant, native to the Mediterranean area, which has spread in north and south of Iran. A fruit of milk thistle contains a relatively high amount (approx. 20%) of oil, which exhibits wound-healing, anti-burn, and hepatoprotective properties. Experimental: In this research, a pot experiment wa...

milk thistle (silybum marianum l. gaertner) is an annual or biannual plant of the asteraceae family. this species is important not only as a medicinal plant traditionally, but also as an endemic plant to protect vegetative and natural resources in iran. this experiment was carried out to find the most effective treatments to break milk thistle seed dormancy and improve its cultivation in vast s...

The spatial arrangement of plants in a landscape influences wind flow, but the extent that differences in the density of conspecifics and the height of surrounding vegetation influence population spread rates of wind dispersed plants is unknown. Wind speeds were measured at the capitulum level in conspecific arrays of different sizes and densities in high and low surrounding vegetation to deter...

The response of plant species to future atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations [CO(2)] has been determined for hundreds of crop and tree species. However, no data are currently available regarding the response of invasive weedy species to past or future atmospheric [CO(2)]. In the current study, the growth of six species which are widely recognized as among the most invasive weeds in the con...

Centaurea benedicta L. is an annual herbaceous plant which belongs to the Asteraceae family. It native Mediterranean region and western Asia commonly known as blessed thistle, holy St Benedict’s thistle or spotted thistle. Traditionally, it has been used treat bubonic plague possesses diuretic, galactagogue, liver-strengthening wound healing properties. Recent research studies have investigated...

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. is an important medicinal plant of family Compositae, commonly known as Milk-thistle, or St. Mary’s thistle. The plant and its extracts are reported to possess hepatoprotective, antioxidant, [1] anticancer, [2] antiinflammatory and antidiabetic properties. It contains flavonolignan Silymarin, which is an important bioactive principle having anticancer, antiinflamma...

Silymarin is a standardized extract from the dried seeds of the milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) clinically used as an antihepatotoxic agent. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of silymarin and its major constituent (silibinin) against different microbial strains and their modulatory effect on drugs utilized in clinical practice. Silymar...

Certain of the water-soluble flavonoid molecules can be converted into lipid-compatible molecular complexes, aptly called phytosomes. Phytosomes are better able to transition from a hydrophilic environment into the lipid-friendly environment of the outer cell membrane, and from there into the cell, finally reaching the blood. The fruit of the milk thistle plant (Silybum marianum, Family Asterac...