For Muslims, the tawatur of the Quran—the fact that it has been massively and consecutively transmitted from generation to generation since the time of the Prophet—is among the most important proofs which shows that the Qur’an we have today is the same scripture that was revealed to the Prophet. However, this proof has been neglected in the studies of Western scholars on the topic of t...

Najdi society was formed of a mixture the desert and settled areas, despite their presence in same area coexistence, nature each them is different from other, Bedouin used to constantly migrate search resources water that it needs its life. Their lives were characterized by constant competition, frequent movement, instability as result permanent conflicts which strong dominate weak. Force remai...

during the third/ninth century, several commentators on euclid’s elements composed blocks of propositions (called ziyadat) in which they expanded specific concepts or techniques beyond the basic discussions of euclid. among the earliest of these ziy?d?t were three propositions created by al-‘abbas b. sa‘?d al-jawhar? in an attempt to demonstrate the validity of euclid’s definitions v, 5 and v, ...