A recent paper [Song et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 123, 856-865 (2008)] investigated ocean variability impact on coherent underwater acoustic communications (8-16 kHz) for a single near-seafloor transmitter in shallow water during an extended period (27 h). This letter extends that investigation to various source depths and receiver subarrays. Specifically, the middle water column source, which i...

The role of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in greenhouse warming and climate change remains controversial. During the warmth of the early-mid Pliocene, we find evidence for enhanced thermocline tilt and cold upwelling in the equatorial Pacific, consistent with the prevalence of a La Niña-like state, rather than the proposed persistent warm El Niño-like conditions. Our Pliocene paleothermom...

Nutrient cycling in Lake Tanganyika is influenced by the tilting of the thermocline (Coulter 1991). Prevailing southeast winds during the four month dry season (May through September) cause the thermocline to rise in the south bringing nutrient rich waters from depth to the surface at the southern end of the lake (Coulter 1991). However, related upwelling events also occur in the north, bringin...

[1] A warming trend has been detected in the world’s oceans in recent decades. The basin-averaged warming, however, shows a complex vertical structure in the Indian and Pacific oceans. Warming in the upper ocean-with maxima near the surfaceaccompanies a strong cooling in the upper thermocline. Analysis of observed data and model solutions from this study reveals that the complex structure is co...

The issues of the formation and temporal variability vertical structure Black Sea waters off coast southern Crimea are considered. A large array instrumental measurement data obtained in second half 2013 (June–December) during operational monitoring temperature profile area Stationary oceanographic platform Marine Hydrophysical Institute coastal zone near Cape Kikineiz is used. measurements wer...

The North Paci c thermocline (250m to 400m) is studied using XBT observations acquired during the 1970s and 1980s. Interannual variations (3-5 year time scales) in thermocline temperature, with O(0.1 C) amplitude at 400m, are found to exhibit westward propagation throughout the extra-tropical North Paci c up to 45N. Southwards of 30N, the features propagate intact across the basin from the east...

The oscillatory nature of El Ni~ no-Southern Oscillation results from an intricate superposition of near-equilibrium balances and out-of-phase disequilibrium processes between the ocean and the atmosphere. The main objective of the present work is to perform an exhaustive spatiotemporal analysis of the upper ocean heat budget in an ensemble of state-of-the-art ocean assimilation products. We pu...

Effects of atmospheric intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) on the Indian Ocean zonal dipole mode (IOZDM) are investigated by analyzing available observations and a suite of solutions to an ocean general circulation model, namely, the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). Data and model solutions for the period 1991–2000 are analyzed, a period that includes two strong IOZDM events, during 1994 an...

The performance of 23 World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, phase 3 (CMIP3) models in the simulation of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) is evaluated, and the results show large diversity in the simulated IOD intensity. A detailed diagnosis is carried out to understand the role of the Bjerknes dynamic air–sea feedback and the thermodynamic air–sea coupling ...

Themean east–west sea surface temperature gradient along the equator is a key feature of tropical climate. Tightly coupled to the atmospheric Walker circulation and the oceanic east–west thermocline tilt, it effectively defines tropical climate conditions. In the Pacific, its presence permits the El Ni~ no–SouthernOscillation phenomenon. What determines this temperature gradient within the full...