Background/Objectives: Similar to conventional cryogen spray cooling, carbon dioxide (CO2) spray may be used in combination with laser cartilage reshaping (LCR) to produce cartilage shape change while minimizing cutaneous thermal injury. Recent ex vivo evaluation of LCR with CO2 cooling in a rabbit model has identified a promising initial parameter space for in vivo safety and efficacy evaluati...

Cryogen spray cooling is used to prevent epidermal thermal damage during port-wine stain laser therapy, despite the limited understanding of the fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, and heat transfer characteristics of cryogen sprays. In recent studies, it has been suggested that the heat flux through human skin could be increased by changing physical parameters such as nozzle-to-skin distance, nozz...

BACKGROUND Bacterial contamination on touch surfaces results in increased risk of infection. In the last few decades, work has been done on the antimicrobial properties of copper and its alloys against a range of micro-organisms threatening public health in food processing, healthcare and air conditioning applications; however, an optimum copper method of surface deposition and mass structure h...

Modern gas turbine hot sections need to be protected from elevated temperature and damaging environments. This protection starts as a typically two layer coating system, the base layer or bond coat (BC) acts as a corrosion barrier and a kind of buffer for the thermal mismatch between the base material and the second top thermally protective layer or Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC). The BC is norm...

Nanostructured ceramic coatings produced by plasma spray processes are being developed for a wide variety of applications that require resistance to wear, erosion, cracking and spallation [1]. In addition the process is being developed to make near net shaped ceramic performs by dissolution of the substrate after spraying. Attractive properties associated with a nanostructure (in general referr...

Wear of the surface is the major problem of all materials. This wear can be of many types and there can be several methods of reducing wear. Coating on the surface of material is one of them. On M.S substrate, thermal spray coating is done using Detonation spray gun and coating powders used is a mixture of oxides (Al2O3-13TiO2). The thermal-sprayed coatings are characterized by SEM, EDS analyse...

Tungsten oxide (WO₃) is prepared by a low-temperature ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method in air atmosphere, and it is used as an anode buffer layer (ABL) for organic solar cells (OSCs). The properties of the WO₃ transition metal oxide material as well as the mechanism of ultrasonic spray pyrolysis processes are investigated. The results show that the ultrasonic spray pyrolysized WO₃ ABL exhibits...

Nano-scale copper oxide with various morphologies is synthesized via the thermal oxide method and growth in a 5 wt% NaCl solution of spray fog environment. The nano-scale copper oxide is grown on copper metal sheets via the thermal oxide method at 650 ̊C for 60 minutes. Nano-scale copper oxide grains and nanowires are induced on copper metal sheets then placed in 5 wt% NaCl solution of salt spra...

Information on thermal history of skin tissue and iceball formation is critical for successful cutaneous cryosurgery. This paper presents a numerical analysis of tissue freezing during skin cancer treatment with liquid nitrogen (LN2). A simplified mathematical model is constructed by including the bio-physical processes of the freezing tissues and quantifying LN2 spray cooling with a convective...