The monetary policy in the frame of monetary transaction through stocks market affects the stocks’ price that these prices also affect the economy with impacting consuming and investing expenses. In another word, based on the importance of monetary part in commercial banks, the effect of these policies on bank stocks has a great importance that is studied in his project. For this purpose, the d...

This paper contributes to the analysis of the money supply process in Germany during the period of monetary targeting by the Bundesbank from 1975-1998. While the standard money multiplier approach assumes that the money stock is determined by the money multiplier and the monetary base it is argued here that both the money stock and the monetary base are determined endogenously by the optimizing...

although the word of “money laundering” isn’t very old in world literature, but attempted money laundering has a long history a long side with trade and commerce, as it always has been told. money laundering is a process that the incomes of criminal acts enter to the economic cycle and will purify dirty income. therefore, we can say launderers are actually committed two offenses, primaril...

Financial instruments are one of the fundamental dimensions of financial markets that guarantee their efficiency and effectiveness of these markets. These instruments playe a main role in economy to direct money from saving sources to investment needs. These instruments provide possibility of financing companies from public and private sources and also are considered as investment instruments f...

We consider the interaction between the roles of a bank as a facilitator of payments in the economy and as a lender. In our model, banks make loans by issuing digital claims to an entrepreneur, who then uses them to pay for inputs. Issuing digital claims has two effects on a bank’s liquidity. First, some of these claims used as payment are cashed in before the project is over, necessitating tra...

onetary policy has traditionally been viewed as the process by which a central bank uses its influence over the supply of money to promote its economic objectives. For example, Milton Friedman (1959, p. 24) defined the tools of monetary policy to be those “powers that enable the [Federal Reserve] System to determine the total amount of money in existence or to alter that amount.” In fact, the v...

In this paper we utilize the main findings from the recent literature to set the economic foundation for the existence of money, its modern interpretation as “memory” (Chokerlakota 1998) and how the Blockchain technology has empowered crypto currencies to perform this role in the information age.  To locate the issue in a historical perspective and in line with this strand of thought, we consid...