This article revisits a disconcerting phenomenon. The history of prominent 17th and 18th century moral theorists who exhibited disapproval of all forms of suicide is well known. Nevertheless, there are many bioethicists who continue to claim that either these moral theorists never actually opposed suicide, or that they never believed in the inalienable right to life and liberty that is an impor...

The issue of the development foreign policy Russian Empire in Baltic region after death Peter I is considered as a continuation Ivan Terrible. aim work to study continuity on an all-Russian scale. based clerical sources: correspondence French representative Russia, Jacques de Campredon, notes and business Vice-Chancellor Empire, Baron A. I. Osterman. Record keeping materials Collegium Foreign A...

In an article in the 8th December 2011 issue of the French newspaper Libération, Philippe Cayla, a former French civil servant who is currently President of Euronews Development, invited readers to join him in initiating a European Citizens Initiative which proposes that the European Union adopt a rule that all EU citizens living in another EU state than that of their nationality (so-called ‘se...

EVER SINCE THE INTRODUCTION OF THE SMALLPOX INOCULAtion in 18th-century Europe, physicians and patients alike have grappled with questions of individual risk, public health ramifications, and balancing the interests of the individual and the state. Adoption of such a preemptive measure rested historically on a calculation of risk fraught with unknowns and uncertainties; eg, risk of infection vs...

We have shown elsewhere that a significant number of women chemists were active in Britain between 1880 and 1949. In fact, during that period a total of 896 women were members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and/ or the Chemical Society (1). Prior to that period, much has been published about the 17thcentury chemistry researcher, Elizabeth Fulhame, author of An Essay on Combustion (2) and a...

françois mauriac, a scholar and a famous french author and the winner of the nobel prize in literature, , unlike any of his contemporaries is not known in iran. in this article, it has been attempted to know him better on the basis of his viewpoints toward two famous contemporaries, andré gide and marcel proust. mauriac believes that these two writers incorporated a detailed reflection of relig...

ABOUT GOOD TASTE (POLISH: GUST) AND DELICIOUS SMAK): IN OTHER WORDS: WHY THE POLISH WORD GUST LOST ITS ETYMOLOGICAL MEANING The word gust was borrowed from Western European Languages in 17th century a few meanings, including perception of taste and flavour food appetite. author this article discusses the very etymological meaning also words derived it: adjective gustowny adverb gustownie. prese...