The immune response in atopic dermatitis (AD) is driven predominantly by T helper (Th2) cells. Th2-type cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-13 activate the Janus kinase/signal transduction activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway, which essential for their pro-inflammatory action detrimental effects on permeability barrier epidermis. lipid abnormalities have not been completely ...

Background: A licensed vaccine against hepatitis C virus (HCV) has not become available to date. The stability and antigenicity of a targeted synthesized recombinant fusion protein consisting of a truncated core and NS3 (rC/N) of HCV had been predicted. Although safe antigens, recombinant proteins are not efficacious vaccines without adjuvants. The present study evaluated the immunogenicity of ...

Background and Objectives: Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in dysregulation of the cytokine profile. A switch from a T helper 1 (Th1) to a Th2 cytokine has been proposed as an important factor in progression of HIV infection to AIDS. The aim of the present study was to assess the level of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in HIV infected individuals in order to identify t...

which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. We have read the article published in your journal written by Sofian et al., entitled " the serum profile of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in treated and non-treated HCV infected individuals " (1). Evidences well documented that the simultaneous elevation of Th1 and Th2 related cy...

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by increased T-helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine expression. AD skin lesions are often exacerbated by Staphylococcus aureus-mediated secretion of the lytic virulence factor, alpha toxin. In the current study, we report that alpha toxin-induced cell death is greater in the skin from patients with AD compared with controls. Furthermo...

Adefovir dipivoxil treatment has significantly improved the outcome of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, it remains largely unknown how immune system responds to the treatment. Chronic HBV patients were treated with adefovir dipivoxil and examined for serum HBV DNA loads, cytokines, and T helper (Th1) and 2 (Th2) cytokine producing T cells during 104 weeks of the treatment. Th...

BACKGROUND In response to viral infection, bronchial epithelial cells increase inflammatory cytokine release to activate the immune response and curtail viral replication. In atopic asthma, enhanced expression of Th2 cytokines is observed and we postulated that Th2 cytokines may augment the effects of rhinovirus-induced inflammation. METHODS Primary bronchial epithelial cell cultures from ped...

The ability of extracellular stimuli to modulate dendritic cell (DC) activation of natural killer T (NKT) cells was not well understood. We investigated the effects of the T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th2-cytokine environment on DC induction of NKT cell-mediated cytokine production in mice. Pretreatment of myeloid DCs with Th1 or Th2 cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4 or interferon (IFN)-gamma, led to the ...

Although coinfection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Schistosoma mansoni is a frequent event in humans, little is known about the interactions between these two pathogens. S. mansoni infection induces T helper cell type 2 (Th2)-type cytokines in the liver of humans and mice. The intrahepatic induction of nitric oxide (NO) and Th1-type cytokines, such as interferon (IFN)-gamma and IFN-alpha/beta,...

The effects of spermine (SPM) on the production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from cedar pollinosis subjects were investigated. Th2 cytokines produced by PBMCs stimulated by 10 microM SPM was significantly lower than that in the controls. These findings indicate that blood SPM is an important factor in the Th1/Th2 balance.