objective(s): multiple sclerosis (ms) is known as a progressive inflammatory cns disease. cytokines belong to th1 or th2 family and inflammatory cells, play significant role in pathophysiology of ms. thus, any treatment supposed to influence the relation between th1 to th2 cytokines expression. although vitamin d has been prescribed as a therapeutic supplement of ms for a long time, it is not c...

Evidence is accumulating that Th1 cells play an important role in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), whereas Th2 cells contribute to recovery from disease. A major determinant in the development of Th1 and Th2 cells is the type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) involved and its functional characteristics, e.g., the production of interleu...

Rapamycin (sirolimus) inhibits graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) and polarizes T cells toward Th2 cytokine secretion after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Therefore, we reasoned that ex vivo rapamycin might enhance the generation of donor Th2 cells capable of preventing GVHD after fully MHC-disparate murine BMT. Using anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 costimulation, CD4+ Th2 cell expansion was pr...

Allergic asthma is characterized by airway inflammation with a Th2-type cytokine profile, hyper-IgE production, mucus hypersecretion, and hyperreactivity (AHR). It increasingly recognized that heterogeneous disease implicating complex immune mechanisms resulting in distinct endotypes observed patients. In this study, we showed non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, which spontaneously develop autoimmun...

BACKGROUND Th2 cytokine responses are enhanced by all trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the bioavailable form of vitamin A. Retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) is the high affinity receptor for ATRA that mediates these pro-Th2 effects. We have previously characterized two major human Th2 subpopulations: IL-5- Th2 (IL-5-, IL-4+, IL-13+) and IL-5+ Th2 cells (IL-5+, IL-4+, IL-13+), which represent less ...

Objectives: to study the levels of total, phosphorylated p65-subunit nuclear factor NF-kB, activity p65 and relation with level ratio T-helpers type I II in pregnant women placental dysfunction different clinical types course preterm labor (with premature rupture membranes (pPROM) without it).Materials methods. The case-control included 60 women: 40 disorders spontaneous period 24–34 weeks (gro...

Exposure of neonatal mice to antigen often results in Th2-biased responses in later life. Examples of this Th2 tendency are (a) secondary antibody responses dominated by the Th2-associated IgG1 isotype and (b) Th2-mediated tolerance to alloantigens. We previously reported that neonates develop primary Th1 and Th2 function in the lymph nodes but exclusive Th2 primary splenic responses. Here, we ...

ABSTRACT: Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a multifactorial allergic disease associated with immune dysfunction and abnormal skin barrier. Several immunological mediators play role in its pathogenesis. Such molecules are produced by the activation of T helper lymphocytes (Th) through polarization to Th1 and/or Th2, which contributes different lesion patterns. Acute lesions mediated an Th2 cyto...