The flow in a breaking wave is a t>'pe of agitation which is conducive to foam formation. The downstream wake of a surface vessel in the seaway also is characterized by a layer of foamy, agitated water near the surface, and a subsurface layer of bubbles or a bubble cloud. The purpose of this report is to discuss the basic features of foam and bubble formation, and air entrainment as these featu...

[1] What role did the closing of the Central American Seaway play in enabling continental ice sheets to wax and wane over North America and Fennoscandia? A summary of relevant evidence presented here permits a causal relationship between them but can be interpreted to show none. The common denominator of such evidence is the approximate simultaneity of that closing with global cooling and the f...

1 We examine the effect of the deepening of the Tasman Seaway at the end of 2 the Eocene in a climate model with realistic late Eocene bathymetry and winds. 3 For this, we have contructed an Eocene numerical model based on the University 4 of Victoria climate model with wind forcing derived from a fully coupled Eocene 5 simulation. The model climate state is characterized by an oceanic meridion...

The ‘‘Panama Hypothesis’’ states that the gradual closure of the Panama Seaway, between 13 million years ago (13 Ma) and 2.6 Ma, led to decreased mixing of Atlantic and Pacific water Masses, the formation of North Atlantic Deep water and strengthening of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation, increased temperatures and evaporation in the North Atlantic, increased precipitation in Northern Hemis...

The Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary (∼93.9 Ma), was an episode of widespread burial organic matter in marine sediments, underlined by a positive carbon-isotope (δ 13 C) excursion observed worldwide. Within this O 2 -depleted conditions, short interval cooling, termed as Plenus Cold Event, has been recorded many sites and sections northern hemisphere (Tethyan domain, ...

Field observations from Gonto La (southern Tibet), a pass through the high Himalaya, reveal a continuous, planar, ~l&N-dipping detachment horizon (the Gonto La detachment). The detachment juxtaposes Tethyan dark slates over a footwall of extensive leucogranite of the Khula Kangri pluton, intruded into an injection complex layer regarded as an early Southern Tibet Detachment System (STDS) horizo...

The paleobiodiversity of the Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Ranikot Group (Sindh, Pakistan) and particularly of the Lakhra Formation (SBZ 5 biozone, Earliest Eocene), is reconsidered on the basis of new material collected during recent field trips. Ten new species are described (Mitreola brohii sp. nov., Lyrischapa vredenburgi sp. nov., L. brevispira sp. nov., Athleta (Volutopupa) cith...

[1] The Eocene India-Eurasia collision is a first order tectonic event whose nature and chronology remains controversial. We test two end-member collision scenarios using coupled global plate motion-subduction models. The first, conventional model, invokes a continental collision soon after 60 Ma between a maximum extent Greater India and an Andean-style Eurasian margin. The alternative scenari...