Neo-symbiosis is an updating and elaboration of the notion of symbiosis advanced by Licklider in 1960. Licklider argued that new levels of cognition could be reached by promoting a partnership between human brains and computing machines. Recent developments in both computer technology and theoretical psychology have advanced to the point where the level of symbiosis envisioned by Licklider coul...

Chickpea has been considered as a restrictive host for nodulation by rhizobia. However, recent studies have reported that several Mesorhizobium species may effectively nodulate chickpea. With the purpose of investigating the evolutionary relationships between these different species with the ability of nodulating the same host, we analysed 21 Portuguese chickpea rhizobial isolates. Symbiosis ge...

The establishment of an effective nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between Sinorhizobium meliloti and its legume host alfalfa (Medicago sativa) depends on the timely expression of nodulation genes that are controlled by LysR-type regulators. Ninety putative genes coding for LysR-type transcriptional regulators were identified in the recently sequenced S. meliloti genome. All 90 putative lysR genes wer...

Endosymbiosis allows hosts to acquire new functional traits such that the combined host and endosymbiont can exploit vacant ecological niches and occupy novel environments [1, 2]; consequently, endosymbiosis affects the structure and function of ecosystems [3, 4]. However, for many endosymbioses, it is unknown whether their evolutionary basis is mutualism or exploitation [5-9]. We estimated the...

This article examines the notion of symbiosis as it was originally presented (Schiff & Schiff, 1971). It is suggested that there has been a largely unstated assumption as to what symbiosis actually is: that is, it has referred to the notion of attachment. Recognizing this assumption allows for a more accurate definition of symbiosis. In addition, it brings into question the notion of stimulus h...

We introduce a general mathematical model of symbiosis between different entities by taking into account the influence of each species on the carrying capacities of the others. The modeled entities can pertain to biological and ecological societies or to social, economic and financial societies. Our model includes three basic types: symbiosis with direct mutual interactions, symbiosis with asym...

20 Introduction 21 Material and Methods 22 Results and Discussion 28 References 38 Chapter 3 Identification and analysis of three candidate symbiosis genes from "Chlorochromatium aggregatum", a highly developed bacterial symbiosis 41 Summary 42 Introduction 43 Results 44 Discussion 57 Experimental Procedures 62 References 69 Chapter 4 Ultrastructural elements of the prokaryotic symbiosis in "Ch...

This study revisits the Guitang Group, one of the best known industrial symbiosis cases in the sugar industry. Our goal is to offer an evolutionary understanding of industrial symbiosis at the Guitang Group. This article focuses on the organizational boundary change of the Guitang Group over time, and acknowledges this process as one of the seven industrial symbiosis dynamics proposed by Boons ...